Unlike most global objects, Math is not a constructor. You cannot use it with the new operator or invoke the Math object as a function. All properties and methods of Math are static.

Math.E

Euler's number and the base of natural logarithms; approximately 2.718.

Math.LN10

Natural logarithm of 10; approximately 2.303.

Math.LN2

Natural logarithm of 2; approximately 0.693.

Math.LOG10E

Base-10 logarithm of E; approximately 0.434.

Math.LOG2E

Base-2 logarithm of E; approximately 1.443.

Math.PI

Ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter; approximately 3.14159.

Math.SQRT1_2

Square root of ½; approximately 0.707.

Math.SQRT2

Square root of 2; approximately 1.414.

Math[@@toStringTag]

The initial value of the @@toStringTag property is the string "Math". This property is used in Object.prototype.toString().

Math.abs()

Returns the absolute value of x.

Math.acos()

Returns the arccosine of x.

Math.acosh()

Returns the hyperbolic arccosine of x.

Math.asin()

Returns the arcsine of x.

Math.asinh()

Returns the hyperbolic arcsine of a number.

Math.atan()

Returns the arctangent of x.

Math.atan2()

Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.

Math.atanh()

Returns the hyperbolic arctangent of x.

Math.cbrt()

Returns the cube root of x.

Math.ceil()

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

Math.clz32()

Returns the number of leading zero bits of the 32-bit integer x.

Math.cos()

Returns the cosine of x.

Math.cosh()

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.

Math.exp()

Returns e^x, where x is the argument, and e is Euler's number (2.718…, the base of the natural logarithm).

Math.expm1()

Returns subtracting 1 from exp(x).

Math.floor()

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.

Math.fround()

Returns the nearest single precision float representation of x.

Math.hypot()

Returns the square root of the sum of squares of its arguments.

Math.imul()

Returns the result of the 32-bit integer multiplication of x and y.

Math.log()

Returns the natural logarithm (㏒_e; also, ㏑) of x.

Math.log10()

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

Math.log1p()

Returns the natural logarithm (㏒_e; also ㏑) of 1 + x for the number x.

Math.log2()

Returns the base-2 logarithm of x.

Math.max()

Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

Math.min()

Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

Math.pow()

Returns base x to the exponent power y (that is, xy).

Math.random()

Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.

Math.round()

Returns the value of the number x rounded to the nearest integer.

Math.sign()

Returns the sign of the x, indicating whether x is positive, negative, or zero.

Math.sin()

Returns the sine of x.

Math.sinh()

Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.

Math.sqrt()

Returns the positive square root of x.

Math.tan()

Returns the tangent of x.

Math.tanh()

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

Math.trunc()

Returns the integer portion of x, removing any fractional digits.

The trigonometric functions sin(), cos(), tan(), asin(), acos(), atan(), and atan2() expect (and return) angles in radians.

Since humans tend to think in degrees, and some functions (such as CSS transforms) can accept degrees, it is a good idea to keep functions handy that convert between the two:

function degToRad(degrees) {
  return degrees * (Math.PI / 180);
}

function radToDeg(rad) {
  return rad / (Math.PI / 180);
}

If we want to calculate the height of an equilateral triangle, and we know its side length is 100, we can use the formulae length of the adjacent multiplied by the tangent of the angle is equal to the opposite.

In JavaScript, we can do this with the following:

50 * Math.tan(degToRad(60));

We use our degToRad() function to convert 60 degrees to radians, as Math.tan() expects an input value in radians.

This can be achieved with a combination of Math.random() and Math.floor():

function random(min, max) {
  const num = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
  return num;
}

random(1, 10);

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