Get data from a server

This tutorial adds the following data persistence features with help from Angular's HttpClient.

• The HeroService gets hero data with HTTP requests
• Users can add, edit, and delete heroes and save these changes over HTTP
• Users can search for heroes by name

For the sample application that this page describes, see the live example.

Enable HTTP services

HttpClient is Angular's mechanism for communicating with a remote server over HTTP.

Make HttpClient available everywhere in the application in two steps. First, add it to the root AppModule by importing it:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

Next, still in the AppModule, add HttpClientModule to the imports array:

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    HttpClientModule,
  ],
})

Simulate a data server

This tutorial sample mimics communication with a remote data server by using the In-memory Web API module.

After installing the module, the application makes requests to and receive responses from the HttpClient. The application doesn't know that the In-memory Web API is intercepting those requests, applying them to an in-memory data store, and returning simulated responses.

By using the In-memory Web API, you won't have to set up a server to learn about HttpClient.

IMPORTANT: The In-memory Web API module has nothing to do with HTTP in Angular.

If you're reading this tutorial to learn about HttpClient, you can skip over this step. If you're coding along with this tutorial, stay here and add the In-memory Web API now.

Install the In-memory Web API package from npm with the following command:

npm install angular-in-memory-web-api --save

In the AppModule, import the HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule and the InMemoryDataService class, which you create next.

import { HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule } from 'angular-in-memory-web-api';
import { InMemoryDataService } from './in-memory-data.service';

After the HttpClientModule, add the HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule to the AppModule imports array and configure it with the InMemoryDataService.

HttpClientModule,

// The HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule module intercepts HTTP requests
// and returns simulated server responses.
// Remove it when a real server is ready to receive requests.
HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule.forRoot(
  InMemoryDataService, { dataEncapsulation: false }
)

The forRoot() configuration method takes an InMemoryDataService class that primes the in-memory database.

Generate the class src/app/in-memory-data.service.ts with the following command:

ng generate service InMemoryData

Replace the default contents of in-memory-data.service.ts with the following:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { InMemoryDbService } from 'angular-in-memory-web-api';
import { Hero } from './hero';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})
export class InMemoryDataService implements InMemoryDbService {
  createDb() {
    const heroes = [
      { id: 12, name: 'Dr. Nice' },
      { id: 13, name: 'Bombasto' },
      { id: 14, name: 'Celeritas' },
      { id: 15, name: 'Magneta' },
      { id: 16, name: 'RubberMan' },
      { id: 17, name: 'Dynama' },
      { id: 18, name: 'Dr. IQ' },
      { id: 19, name: 'Magma' },
      { id: 20, name: 'Tornado' }
    ];
    return {heroes};
  }

  // Overrides the genId method to ensure that a hero always has an id.
  // If the heroes array is empty,
  // the method below returns the initial number (11).
  // if the heroes array is not empty, the method below returns the highest
  // hero id + 1.
  genId(heroes: Hero[]): number {
    return heroes.length > 0 ? Math.max(...heroes.map(hero => hero.id)) + 1 : 11;
  }
}

The in-memory-data.service.ts file takes over the function of mock-heroes.ts. Don't delete mock-heroes.ts yet. You still need it for a few more steps of this tutorial.

After the server is ready, detach the In-memory Web API so the application's requests can go through to the server.

Heroes and HTTP

In the HeroService, import HttpClient and HttpHeaders:

import { HttpClient, HttpHeaders } from '@angular/common/http';

Still in the HeroService, inject HttpClient into the constructor in a private property called http.

constructor(
  private http: HttpClient,
  private messageService: MessageService) { }

Notice that you keep injecting the MessageService but since your application calls it so frequently, wrap it in a private log() method:

/** Log a HeroService message with the MessageService */
private log(message: string) {
  this.messageService.add(`HeroService: ${message}`);
}

Define the heroesUrl of the form :base/:collectionName with the address of the heroes resource on the server. Here base is the resource to which requests are made, and collectionName is the heroes data object in the in-memory-data-service.ts.

private heroesUrl = 'api/heroes';  // URL to web api

Get heroes with HttpClient

The current HeroService.getHeroes() uses the RxJS of() function to return an array of mock heroes as an Observable<Hero[]>.

getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
  const heroes = of(HEROES);
  return heroes;
}

Convert that method to use HttpClient as follows:

/** GET heroes from the server */
getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
  return this.http.get<Hero[]>(this.heroesUrl)
}

Refresh the browser. The hero data should successfully load from the mock server.

You've swapped of() for http.get() and the application keeps working without any other changes because both functions return an Observable<Hero[]>.

HttpClient methods return one value

All HttpClient methods return an RxJS Observable of something.

HTTP is a request/response protocol. You make a request, it returns a single response.

In general, an observable can return more than one value over time. An observable from HttpClient always emits a single value and then completes, never to emit again.

This particular call to HttpClient.get() returns an Observable<Hero[]>, which is an observable of hero arrays. In practice, it only returns a single hero array.

HttpClient.get() returns response data

HttpClient.get() returns the body of the response as an untyped JSON object by default. Applying the optional type specifier, <Hero[]> , adds TypeScript capabilities, which reduce errors during compile time.

The server's data API determines the shape of the JSON data. The Tour of Heroes data API returns the hero data as an array.

Other APIs may bury the data that you want within an object. You might have to dig that data out by processing the Observable result with the RxJS map() operator.

Although not discussed here, there's an example of map() in the getHeroNo404() method included in the sample source code.

Error handling

Things go wrong, especially when you're getting data from a remote server. The HeroService.getHeroes() method should catch errors and do something appropriate.

To catch errors, you "pipe" the observable result from http.get() through an RxJS catchError() operator.

Import the catchError symbol from rxjs/operators, along with some other operators to use later.

import { catchError, map, tap } from 'rxjs/operators';

Now extend the observable result with the pipe() method and give it a catchError() operator.

getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
  return this.http.get<Hero[]>(this.heroesUrl)
    .pipe(
      catchError(this.handleError<Hero[]>('getHeroes', []))
    );
}

The catchError() operator intercepts an Observable that failed. The operator then passes the error to the error handling function.

The following handleError() method reports the error and then returns an innocuous result so that the application keeps working.

handleError

The following handleError() can be shared by many HeroService methods so it's generalized to meet their different needs.

Instead of handling the error directly, it returns an error handler function to catchError. This function is configured with both the name of the operation that failed and a safe return value.

/**
 * Handle Http operation that failed.
 * Let the app continue.
 *
 * @param operation - name of the operation that failed
 * @param result - optional value to return as the observable result
 */
private handleError<T>(operation = 'operation', result?: T) {
  return (error: any): Observable<T> => {

    // TODO: send the error to remote logging infrastructure
    console.error(error); // log to console instead

    // TODO: better job of transforming error for user consumption
    this.log(`${operation} failed: ${error.message}`);

    // Let the app keep running by returning an empty result.
    return of(result as T);
  };
}

After reporting the error to the console, the handler constructs a friendly message and returns a safe value so the application can keep working.

Because each service method returns a different kind of Observable result, handleError() takes a type parameter to return the safe value as the type that the application expects.

Tap into the Observable

The HeroService methods taps into the flow of observable values and send a message, using the log() method, to the message area at the bottom of the page.

The RxJS tap() operator enables this ability by looking at the observable values, doing something with those values, and passing them along. The tap() call back doesn't access the values themselves.

Here is the final version of getHeroes() with the tap() that logs the operation.

/** GET heroes from the server */
getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
  return this.http.get<Hero[]>(this.heroesUrl)
    .pipe(
      tap(_ => this.log('fetched heroes')),
      catchError(this.handleError<Hero[]>('getHeroes', []))
    );
}

Get hero by id

Most web APIs support a get by id request in the form :baseURL/:id.

Here, the base URL is the heroesURL defined in the Heroes and HTTP section in api/heroes and id is the number of the hero that you want to retrieve. For example, api/heroes/11.

Update the HeroService getHero() method with the following to make that request:

/** GET hero by id. Will 404 if id not found */
getHero(id: number): Observable<Hero> {
  const url = `${this.heroesUrl}/${id}`;
  return this.http.get<Hero>(url).pipe(
    tap(_ => this.log(`fetched hero id=${id}`)),
    catchError(this.handleError<Hero>(`getHero id=${id}`))
  );
}

getHero() has three significant differences from getHeroes():

• getHero() constructs a request URL with the desired hero's id
• The server should respond with a single hero rather than an array of heroes
• getHero() returns an Observable<Hero>, which is an observable of Hero objects rather than an observable of Hero arrays.

Update heroes

Edit a hero's name in the hero detail view. As you type, the hero name updates the heading at the top of the page, yet when you click Go back, your changes are lost.

If you want changes to persist, you must write them back to the server.

At the end of the hero detail template, add a save button with a click event binding that invokes a new component method named save().

<button type="button" (click)="save()">save</button>

In the HeroDetail component class, add the following save() method, which persists hero name changes using the hero service updateHero() method and then navigates back to the previous view.

save(): void {
  if (this.hero) {
    this.heroService.updateHero(this.hero)
      .subscribe(() => this.goBack());
  }
}

Add HeroService.updateHero()

The structure of the updateHero() method is like that of getHeroes(), but it uses http.put() to persist the changed hero on the server. Add the following to the HeroService.

/** PUT: update the hero on the server */
updateHero(hero: Hero): Observable<any> {
  return this.http.put(this.heroesUrl, hero, this.httpOptions).pipe(
    tap(_ => this.log(`updated hero id=${hero.id}`)),
    catchError(this.handleError<any>('updateHero'))
  );
}

The HttpClient.put() method takes three parameters:

• The URL
• The data to update, which is the modified hero in this case
• Options

The URL is unchanged. The heroes web API knows which hero to update by looking at the hero's id.

The heroes web API expects a special header in HTTP save requests. That header is in the httpOptions constant defined in the HeroService. Add the following to the HeroService class.

httpOptions = {
  headers: new HttpHeaders({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
};

Refresh the browser, change a hero name and save your change. The save() method in HeroDetailComponent navigates to the previous view. The hero now appears in the list with the changed name.

Add a new hero

To add a hero, this application only needs the hero's name. You can use an <input> element paired with an add button.

Insert the following into the HeroesComponent template, after the heading:

<div>
  <label for="new-hero">Hero name: </label>
  <input id="new-hero" #heroName />

  <!-- (click) passes input value to add() and then clears the input -->
  <button type="button" class="add-button" (click)="add(heroName.value); heroName.value=''">
    Add hero
  </button>
</div>

In response to a click event, call the component's click handler, add(), and then clear the input field so that it's ready for another name. Add the following to the HeroesComponent class:

add(name: string): void {
  name = name.trim();
  if (!name) { return; }
  this.heroService.addHero({ name } as Hero)
    .subscribe(hero => {
      this.heroes.push(hero);
    });
}

When the given name isn't blank, the handler creates an object based on the hero's name. The handler passes the object name to the service's addHero() method.

When addHero() creates a new object, the subscribe() callback receives the new hero and pushes it into to the heroes list for display.

Add the following addHero() method to the HeroService class.

/** POST: add a new hero to the server */
addHero(hero: Hero): Observable<Hero> {
  return this.http.post<Hero>(this.heroesUrl, hero, this.httpOptions).pipe(
    tap((newHero: Hero) => this.log(`added hero w/ id=${newHero.id}`)),
    catchError(this.handleError<Hero>('addHero'))
  );
}

addHero() differs from updateHero() in two ways:

• It calls HttpClient.post() instead of put()
• It expects the server to create an id for the new hero, which it returns in the Observable<Hero> to the caller

Refresh the browser and add some heroes.

Delete a hero

Each hero in the heroes list should have a delete button.

Add the following button element to the HeroesComponent template, after the hero name in the repeated <li> element.

<button type="button" class="delete" title="delete hero"
  (click)="delete(hero)">x</button>

The HTML for the list of heroes should look like this:

<ul class="heroes">
  <li *ngFor="let hero of heroes">
    <a routerLink="/detail/{{hero.id}}">
      <span class="badge">{{hero.id}}</span> {{hero.name}}
    </a>
    <button type="button" class="delete" title="delete hero"
      (click)="delete(hero)">x</button>
  </li>
</ul>

To position the delete button at the far right of the hero entry, add some CSS from the final review code to the heroes.component.css.

Add the delete() handler to the component class.

delete(hero: Hero): void {
  this.heroes = this.heroes.filter(h => h !== hero);
  this.heroService.deleteHero(hero.id).subscribe();
}

Although the component delegates hero deletion to the HeroService, it remains responsible for updating its own list of heroes. The component's delete() method immediately removes the hero-to-delete from that list, anticipating that the HeroService succeeds on the server.

There's really nothing for the component to do with the Observable returned by heroService.deleteHero() but it must subscribe anyway.

Next, add a deleteHero() method to HeroService like this.

/** DELETE: delete the hero from the server */
deleteHero(id: number): Observable<Hero> {
  const url = `${this.heroesUrl}/${id}`;

  return this.http.delete<Hero>(url, this.httpOptions).pipe(
    tap(_ => this.log(`deleted hero id=${id}`)),
    catchError(this.handleError<Hero>('deleteHero'))
  );
}

Notice the following key points:

• deleteHero() calls HttpClient.delete()
• The URL is the heroes resource URL plus the id of the hero to delete
• You don't send data as you did with put() and post()
• You still send the httpOptions

Refresh the browser and try the new delete capability.

If you neglect to subscribe(), the service can't send the delete request to the server. As a rule, an Observable does nothing until something subscribes.

Confirm this for yourself by temporarily removing the subscribe(), clicking Dashboard, then clicking Heroes. This shows the full list of heroes again.

Search by name

In this last exercise, you learn to chain Observable operators together so you can reduce the number of similar HTTP requests to consume network bandwidth economically.

Add a heroes search feature to the Dashboard

As the user types a name into a search box, your application makes repeated HTTP requests for heroes filtered by that name. Your goal is to issue only as many requests as necessary.

HeroService.searchHeroes()

Start by adding a searchHeroes() method to the HeroService.

/* GET heroes whose name contains search term */
searchHeroes(term: string): Observable<Hero[]> {
  if (!term.trim()) {
    // if not search term, return empty hero array.
    return of([]);
  }
  return this.http.get<Hero[]>(`${this.heroesUrl}/?name=${term}`).pipe(
    tap(x => x.length ?
       this.log(`found heroes matching "${term}"`) :
       this.log(`no heroes matching "${term}"`)),
    catchError(this.handleError<Hero[]>('searchHeroes', []))
  );
}

The method returns immediately with an empty array if there is no search term. The rest of it closely resembles getHeroes(), the only significant difference being the URL, which includes a query string with the search term.

Add search to the dashboard

Open the DashboardComponent template and add the hero search element, <app-hero-search>, to the bottom of the markup.

<h2>Top Heroes</h2>
<div class="heroes-menu">
  <a *ngFor="let hero of heroes"
      routerLink="/detail/{{hero.id}}">
      {{hero.name}}
  </a>
</div>

<app-hero-search></app-hero-search>

This template looks a lot like the *ngFor repeater in the HeroesComponent template.

For this to work, the next step is to add a component with a selector that matches <app-hero-search>.

Create HeroSearchComponent

Run ng generate to create a HeroSearchComponent.

ng generate component hero-search

ng generate creates the three HeroSearchComponent files and adds the component to the AppModule declarations.

Replace the HeroSearchComponent template with an <input> and a list of matching search results, as follows.

<div id="search-component">
  <label for="search-box">Hero Search</label>
  <input #searchBox id="search-box" (input)="search(searchBox.value)" />

  <ul class="search-result">
    <li *ngFor="let hero of heroes$ | async" >
      <a routerLink="/detail/{{hero.id}}">
        {{hero.name}}
      </a>
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>

Add private CSS styles to hero-search.component.css as listed in the final code review below.

As the user types in the search box, an input event binding calls the component's search() method with the new search box value.

AsyncPipe

The *ngFor repeats hero objects. Notice that the *ngFor iterates over a list called heroes$, not heroes. The $ is a convention that indicates heroes$ is an Observable, not an array.

<li *ngFor="let hero of heroes$ | async" >

Since *ngFor can't do anything with an Observable, use the pipe | character followed by async. This identifies Angular's AsyncPipe and subscribes to an Observable automatically so you won't have to do so in the component class.

Edit the HeroSearchComponent class

Replace the HeroSearchComponent class and metadata as follows.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { Observable, Subject } from 'rxjs';

import {
   debounceTime, distinctUntilChanged, switchMap
 } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-hero-search',
  templateUrl: './hero-search.component.html',
  styleUrls: [ './hero-search.component.css' ]
})
export class HeroSearchComponent implements OnInit {
  heroes$!: Observable<Hero[]>;
  private searchTerms = new Subject<string>();

  constructor(private heroService: HeroService) {}

  // Push a search term into the observable stream.
  search(term: string): void {
    this.searchTerms.next(term);
  }

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.heroes$ = this.searchTerms.pipe(
      // wait 300ms after each keystroke before considering the term
      debounceTime(300),

      // ignore new term if same as previous term
      distinctUntilChanged(),

      // switch to new search observable each time the term changes
      switchMap((term: string) => this.heroService.searchHeroes(term)),
    );
  }
}

Notice the declaration of heroes$ as an Observable:

heroes$!: Observable<Hero[]>;

Set this in ngOnInit(). Before you do, focus on the definition of searchTerms.

The searchTerms RxJS subject

The searchTerms property is an RxJS Subject.

private searchTerms = new Subject<string>();

// Push a search term into the observable stream.
search(term: string): void {
  this.searchTerms.next(term);
}

A Subject is both a source of observable values and an Observable itself. You can subscribe to a Subject as you would any Observable.

You can also push values into that Observable by calling its next(value) method as the search() method does.

The event binding to the text box's input event calls the search() method.

<input #searchBox id="search-box" (input)="search(searchBox.value)" />

Every time the user types in the text box, the binding calls search() with the text box value as a search term. The searchTerms becomes an Observable emitting a steady stream of search terms.

Chaining RxJS operators

Passing a new search term directly to the searchHeroes() after every user keystroke creates excessive HTTP requests, which taxes server resources and burning through data plans.

Instead, the ngOnInit() method pipes the searchTerms observable through a sequence of RxJS operators that reduce the number of calls to the searchHeroes(). Ultimately, this returns an observable of timely hero search results where each one is a Hero[].

Here's a closer look at the code.

this.heroes$ = this.searchTerms.pipe(
  // wait 300ms after each keystroke before considering the term
  debounceTime(300),

  // ignore new term if same as previous term
  distinctUntilChanged(),

  // switch to new search observable each time the term changes
  switchMap((term: string) => this.heroService.searchHeroes(term)),
);

Each operator works as follows:

• debounceTime(300) waits until the flow of new string events pauses for 300 milliseconds before passing along the latest string. Requests aren't likely to happen more frequently than 300 ms.

• distinctUntilChanged() ensures that a request is sent only if the filter text changed.

• switchMap() calls the search service for each search term that makes it through debounce() and distinctUntilChanged(). It cancels and discards previous search observables, returning only the latest search service observable.

With the switchMap operator, every qualifying key event can trigger an HttpClient.get() method call. Even with a 300 ms pause between requests, you could have many HTTP requests in flight and they may not return in the order sent.

switchMap() preserves the original request order while returning only the observable from the most recent HTTP method call. Results from prior calls are canceled and discarded.

Canceling a previous searchHeroes() Observable doesn't actually cancel a pending HTTP request. Unwanted results are discarded before they reach your application code.

Remember that the component class doesn't subscribe to the heroes$ observable. That's the job of the AsyncPipe in the template.

Try it

Run the application again. In the Dashboard, enter some text in the search box. Enter characters that match any existing hero names, and look for something like this.

Final code review

Here are the code files discussed on this page. They're found in the src/app/ directory.

HeroService, InMemoryDataService, AppModule

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient, HttpHeaders } from '@angular/common/http';

import { Observable, of } from 'rxjs';
import { catchError, map, tap } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { Hero } from './hero';
import { MessageService } from './message.service';


@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' })
export class HeroService {

  private heroesUrl = 'api/heroes';  // URL to web api

  httpOptions = {
    headers: new HttpHeaders({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' })
  };

  constructor(
    private http: HttpClient,
    private messageService: MessageService) { }

  /** GET heroes from the server */
  getHeroes(): Observable<Hero[]> {
    return this.http.get<Hero[]>(this.heroesUrl)
      .pipe(
        tap(_ => this.log('fetched heroes')),
        catchError(this.handleError<Hero[]>('getHeroes', []))
      );
  }

  /** GET hero by id. Return `undefined` when id not found */
  getHeroNo404<Data>(id: number): Observable<Hero> {
    const url = `${this.heroesUrl}/?id=${id}`;
    return this.http.get<Hero[]>(url)
      .pipe(
        map(heroes => heroes[0]), // returns a {0|1} element array
        tap(h => {
          const outcome = h ? 'fetched' : 'did not find';
          this.log(`${outcome} hero id=${id}`);
        }),
        catchError(this.handleError<Hero>(`getHero id=${id}`))
      );
  }

  /** GET hero by id. Will 404 if id not found */
  getHero(id: number): Observable<Hero> {
    const url = `${this.heroesUrl}/${id}`;
    return this.http.get<Hero>(url).pipe(
      tap(_ => this.log(`fetched hero id=${id}`)),
      catchError(this.handleError<Hero>(`getHero id=${id}`))
    );
  }

  /* GET heroes whose name contains search term */
  searchHeroes(term: string): Observable<Hero[]> {
    if (!term.trim()) {
      // if not search term, return empty hero array.
      return of([]);
    }
    return this.http.get<Hero[]>(`${this.heroesUrl}/?name=${term}`).pipe(
      tap(x => x.length ?
         this.log(`found heroes matching "${term}"`) :
         this.log(`no heroes matching "${term}"`)),
      catchError(this.handleError<Hero[]>('searchHeroes', []))
    );
  }

  //////// Save methods //////////

  /** POST: add a new hero to the server */
  addHero(hero: Hero): Observable<Hero> {
    return this.http.post<Hero>(this.heroesUrl, hero, this.httpOptions).pipe(
      tap((newHero: Hero) => this.log(`added hero w/ id=${newHero.id}`)),
      catchError(this.handleError<Hero>('addHero'))
    );
  }

  /** DELETE: delete the hero from the server */
  deleteHero(id: number): Observable<Hero> {
    const url = `${this.heroesUrl}/${id}`;

    return this.http.delete<Hero>(url, this.httpOptions).pipe(
      tap(_ => this.log(`deleted hero id=${id}`)),
      catchError(this.handleError<Hero>('deleteHero'))
    );
  }

  /** PUT: update the hero on the server */
  updateHero(hero: Hero): Observable<any> {
    return this.http.put(this.heroesUrl, hero, this.httpOptions).pipe(
      tap(_ => this.log(`updated hero id=${hero.id}`)),
      catchError(this.handleError<any>('updateHero'))
    );
  }

  /**
   * Handle Http operation that failed.
   * Let the app continue.
   *
   * @param operation - name of the operation that failed
   * @param result - optional value to return as the observable result
   */
  private handleError<T>(operation = 'operation', result?: T) {
    return (error: any): Observable<T> => {

      // TODO: send the error to remote logging infrastructure
      console.error(error); // log to console instead

      // TODO: better job of transforming error for user consumption
      this.log(`${operation} failed: ${error.message}`);

      // Let the app keep running by returning an empty result.
      return of(result as T);
    };
  }

  /** Log a HeroService message with the MessageService */
  private log(message: string) {
    this.messageService.add(`HeroService: ${message}`);
  }
}

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { InMemoryDbService } from 'angular-in-memory-web-api';
import { Hero } from './hero';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root',
})
export class InMemoryDataService implements InMemoryDbService {
  createDb() {
    const heroes = [
      { id: 12, name: 'Dr. Nice' },
      { id: 13, name: 'Bombasto' },
      { id: 14, name: 'Celeritas' },
      { id: 15, name: 'Magneta' },
      { id: 16, name: 'RubberMan' },
      { id: 17, name: 'Dynama' },
      { id: 18, name: 'Dr. IQ' },
      { id: 19, name: 'Magma' },
      { id: 20, name: 'Tornado' }
    ];
    return {heroes};
  }

  // Overrides the genId method to ensure that a hero always has an id.
  // If the heroes array is empty,
  // the method below returns the initial number (11).
  // if the heroes array is not empty, the method below returns the highest
  // hero id + 1.
  genId(heroes: Hero[]): number {
    return heroes.length > 0 ? Math.max(...heroes.map(hero => hero.id)) + 1 : 11;
  }
}

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule } from 'angular-in-memory-web-api';
import { InMemoryDataService } from './in-memory-data.service';

import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { DashboardComponent } from './dashboard/dashboard.component';
import { HeroDetailComponent } from './hero-detail/hero-detail.component';
import { HeroesComponent } from './heroes/heroes.component';
import { HeroSearchComponent } from './hero-search/hero-search.component';
import { MessagesComponent } from './messages/messages.component';

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    FormsModule,
    AppRoutingModule,
    HttpClientModule,

    // The HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule module intercepts HTTP requests
    // and returns simulated server responses.
    // Remove it when a real server is ready to receive requests.
    HttpClientInMemoryWebApiModule.forRoot(
      InMemoryDataService, { dataEncapsulation: false }
    )
  ],
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    DashboardComponent,
    HeroesComponent,
    HeroDetailComponent,
    MessagesComponent,
    HeroSearchComponent
  ],
  bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

HeroesComponent

<h2>My Heroes</h2>

<div>
  <label for="new-hero">Hero name: </label>
  <input id="new-hero" #heroName />

  <!-- (click) passes input value to add() and then clears the input -->
  <button type="button" class="add-button" (click)="add(heroName.value); heroName.value=''">
    Add hero
  </button>
</div>

<ul class="heroes">
  <li *ngFor="let hero of heroes">
    <a routerLink="/detail/{{hero.id}}">
      <span class="badge">{{hero.id}}</span> {{hero.name}}
    </a>
    <button type="button" class="delete" title="delete hero"
      (click)="delete(hero)">x</button>
  </li>
</ul>

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-heroes',
  templateUrl: './heroes.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./heroes.component.css']
})
export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {
  heroes: Hero[] = [];

  constructor(private heroService: HeroService) { }

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.getHeroes();
  }

  getHeroes(): void {
    this.heroService.getHeroes()
    .subscribe(heroes => this.heroes = heroes);
  }

  add(name: string): void {
    name = name.trim();
    if (!name) { return; }
    this.heroService.addHero({ name } as Hero)
      .subscribe(hero => {
        this.heroes.push(hero);
      });
  }

  delete(hero: Hero): void {
    this.heroes = this.heroes.filter(h => h !== hero);
    this.heroService.deleteHero(hero.id).subscribe();
  }

}

/* HeroesComponent's private CSS styles */
.heroes {
  margin: 0 0 2em 0;
  list-style-type: none;
  padding: 0;
  width: 15em;
}

input {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  padding: .5rem;
  margin: 1rem 0;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

.heroes li {
  position: relative;
  cursor: pointer;
}

.heroes li:hover {
  left: .1em;
}

.heroes a {
  color: #333;
  text-decoration: none;
  background-color: #EEE;
  margin: .5em;
  padding: .3em 0;
  height: 1.6em;
  border-radius: 4px;
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
}

.heroes a:hover {
  color: #2c3a41;
  background-color: #e6e6e6;
}

.heroes a:active {
  background-color: #525252;
  color: #fafafa;
}

.heroes .badge {
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: small;
  color: white;
  padding: 0.8em 0.7em 0 0.7em;
  background-color: #405061;
  line-height: 1em;
  position: relative;
  left: -1px;
  top: -4px;
  height: 1.8em;
  min-width: 16px;
  text-align: right;
  margin-right: .8em;
  border-radius: 4px 0 0 4px;
}

.add-button {
 padding: .5rem 1.5rem;
 font-size: 1rem;
 margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.add-button:hover {
  color: white;
  background-color: #42545C;
}

button.delete {
  position: absolute;
  left: 210px;
  top: 5px;
  background-color: white;
  color:  #525252;
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 1px 10px 3px 10px;
}

button.delete:hover {
  background-color: #525252;
  color: white;
}

HeroDetailComponent

<div *ngIf="hero">
  <h2>{{hero.name | uppercase}} Details</h2>
  <div><span>id: </span>{{hero.id}}</div>
  <div>
    <label for="hero-name">Hero name: </label>
    <input id="hero-name" [(ngModel)]="hero.name" placeholder="Hero name"/>
  </div>
  <button type="button" (click)="goBack()">go back</button>
  <button type="button" (click)="save()">save</button>
</div>

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { ActivatedRoute } from '@angular/router';
import { Location } from '@angular/common';

import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-hero-detail',
  templateUrl: './hero-detail.component.html',
  styleUrls: [ './hero-detail.component.css' ]
})
export class HeroDetailComponent implements OnInit {
  hero: Hero | undefined;

  constructor(
    private route: ActivatedRoute,
    private heroService: HeroService,
    private location: Location
  ) {}

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.getHero();
  }

  getHero(): void {
    const id = parseInt(this.route.snapshot.paramMap.get('id')!, 10);
    this.heroService.getHero(id)
      .subscribe(hero => this.hero = hero);
  }

  goBack(): void {
    this.location.back();
  }

  save(): void {
    if (this.hero) {
      this.heroService.updateHero(this.hero)
        .subscribe(() => this.goBack());
    }
  }
}

/* HeroDetailComponent's private CSS styles */
label {
  color: #435960;
  font-weight: bold;
}
input {
  font-size: 1em;
  padding: .5rem;
}
button {
  margin-top: 20px;
  margin-right: .5rem;
  background-color: #eee;
  padding: 1rem;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 1rem;
}
button:hover {
  background-color: #cfd8dc;
}
button:disabled {
  background-color: #eee;
  color: #ccc;
  cursor: auto;
}

DashboardComponent

<h2>Top Heroes</h2>
<div class="heroes-menu">
  <a *ngFor="let hero of heroes"
      routerLink="/detail/{{hero.id}}">
      {{hero.name}}
  </a>
</div>

<app-hero-search></app-hero-search>

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-dashboard',
  templateUrl: './dashboard.component.html',
  styleUrls: [ './dashboard.component.css' ]
})
export class DashboardComponent implements OnInit {
  heroes: Hero[] = [];

  constructor(private heroService: HeroService) { }

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.getHeroes();
  }

  getHeroes(): void {
    this.heroService.getHeroes()
      .subscribe(heroes => this.heroes = heroes.slice(1, 5));
  }
}

/* DashboardComponent's private CSS styles */

h2 {
  text-align: center;
}

.heroes-menu {
  padding: 0;
  margin: auto;
  max-width: 1000px;

  /* flexbox */
  display: -webkit-box;
  display: -moz-box;
  display: -ms-flexbox;
  display: -webkit-flex;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  justify-content: space-around;
  align-content: flex-start;
  align-items: flex-start;
}

a {
  background-color: #3f525c;
  border-radius: 2px;
  padding: 1rem;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  text-decoration: none;
  display: inline-block;
  color: #fff;
  text-align: center;
  width: 100%;
  min-width: 70px;
  margin: .5rem auto;
  box-sizing: border-box;

  /* flexbox */
  order: 0;
  flex: 0 1 auto;
  align-self: auto;
}

@media (min-width: 600px) {
  a {
    width: 18%;
    box-sizing: content-box;
  }
}

a:hover {
  background-color: black;
}

HeroSearchComponent

<div id="search-component">
  <label for="search-box">Hero Search</label>
  <input #searchBox id="search-box" (input)="search(searchBox.value)" />

  <ul class="search-result">
    <li *ngFor="let hero of heroes$ | async" >
      <a routerLink="/detail/{{hero.id}}">
        {{hero.name}}
      </a>
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { Observable, Subject } from 'rxjs';

import {
   debounceTime, distinctUntilChanged, switchMap
 } from 'rxjs/operators';

import { Hero } from '../hero';
import { HeroService } from '../hero.service';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-hero-search',
  templateUrl: './hero-search.component.html',
  styleUrls: [ './hero-search.component.css' ]
})
export class HeroSearchComponent implements OnInit {
  heroes$!: Observable<Hero[]>;
  private searchTerms = new Subject<string>();

  constructor(private heroService: HeroService) {}

  // Push a search term into the observable stream.
  search(term: string): void {
    this.searchTerms.next(term);
  }

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.heroes$ = this.searchTerms.pipe(
      // wait 300ms after each keystroke before considering the term
      debounceTime(300),

      // ignore new term if same as previous term
      distinctUntilChanged(),

      // switch to new search observable each time the term changes
      switchMap((term: string) => this.heroService.searchHeroes(term)),
    );
  }
}

/* HeroSearch private styles */

label {
  display: block;
  font-weight: bold;
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  margin-top: 1rem;
  margin-bottom: .5rem;

}
input {
  padding: .5rem;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 600px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  display: block;
}

input:focus {
  outline: #336699 auto 1px;
}

li {
  list-style-type: none;
}
.search-result li a {
  border-bottom: 1px solid gray;
  border-left: 1px solid gray;
  border-right: 1px solid gray;
  display: inline-block;
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 600px;
  padding: .5rem;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: black;
}

.search-result li a:hover {
  background-color: #435A60;
  color: white;
}

ul.search-result {
  margin-top: 0;
  padding-left: 0;
}

Summary

You're at the end of your journey, and you've accomplished a lot.

• You added the necessary dependencies to use HTTP in the application
• You refactored HeroService to load heroes from a web API
• You extended HeroService to support post(), put(), and delete() methods
• You updated the components to allow adding, editing, and deleting of heroes
• You configured an in-memory web API
• You learned how to use observables

This concludes the "Tour of Heroes" tutorial. You're ready to learn more about Angular development in the fundamentals section, starting with the Architecture guide.