std::deque<T,Allocator>::back

reference back();

const_reference back() const;

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior.

Parameters

(none).

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()).

Example

#include <deque>
#include <iostream>
 
int main()
{
    std::deque<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'};
 
    if (!letters.empty())
        std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n";
}

The last character is 'f'.

See also