This header was originally in the C standard library as <stdlib.h>.
This header provides miscellaneous utilities. Symbols defined here are used by several library components.
Types |
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structure type, returned by std::div (typedef) |
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structure type, returned by std::ldiv (typedef) |
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(C++11) | structure type, returned by std::lldiv (typedef) |
unsigned integer type returned by the sizeof operator (typedef) |
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Macro constants |
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| indicates program execution status (macro constant) |
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| MB_CUR_MAX | maximum number of bytes in a multibyte character with the current locale (macro constant) |
| implementation-defined null pointer constant (macro constant) |
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maximum possible value generated by std::rand (macro constant) |
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Functions |
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Process control |
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| causes abnormal program termination (without cleaning up) (function) |
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| causes normal program termination with cleaning up (function) |
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(C++11) | causes quick program termination without completely cleaning up (function) |
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(C++11) | causes normal program termination without cleaning up (function) |
registers a function to be called on std::exit() invocation (function) |
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(C++11) | registers a function to be called on std::quick_exit invocation (function) |
| calls the host environment's command processor (function) |
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| access to the list of environment variables (function) |
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Memory management |
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| allocates memory (function) |
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(C++17) | allocates aligned memory (function) |
| allocates and zeroes memory (function) |
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| expands or shrinks previously allocated memory block (function) |
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| deallocates previously allocated memory (function) |
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Numeric string conversion |
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| converts a byte string to a floating point value (function) |
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(C++11) | converts a byte string to an integer value (function) |
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(C++11) | converts a byte string to an integer value (function) |
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(C++11) | converts a byte string to an unsigned integer value (function) |
| converts a byte string to a floating point value (function) |
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Wide string manipulation |
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| returns the number of bytes in the next multibyte character (function) |
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| converts the next multibyte character to wide character (function) |
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| converts a wide character to its multibyte representation (function) |
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| converts a narrow multibyte character string to wide string (function) |
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| converts a wide string to narrow multibyte character string (function) |
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Miscellaneous algorithms and math |
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| generates a pseudo-random number (function) |
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| seeds pseudo-random number generator (function) |
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| sorts a range of elements with unspecified type (function) |
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| searches an array for an element of unspecified type (function) |
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(C++11) | computes absolute value of an integral value (\(\small{|x|}\)|x|) (function) |
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(C++11) | computes quotient and remainder of integer division (function) |
namespace std {
using size_t = /* see description */;
using div_t = /* see description */;
using ldiv_t = /* see description */;
using lldiv_t = /* see description */;
}
#define NULL /* see description */
#define EXIT_FAILURE /* see description */
#define EXIT_SUCCESS /* see description */
#define RAND_MAX /* see description */
#define MB_CUR_MAX /* see description */
namespace std {
// Exposition-only function type aliases
extern "C" using /*c-atexit-handler*/ = void(); // exposition only
extern "C++" using /*atexit-handler*/ = void(); // exposition only
extern "C" using /*c-compare-pred*/ = int(const void*, const void*); // exposition only
extern "C++" using /*compare-pred*/ = int(const void*, const void*); // exposition only
// start and termination
[[noreturn]] void abort() noexcept;
int atexit(/*c-atexit-handler*/* func) noexcept;
int atexit(/*atexit-handler*/* func) noexcept;
int at_quick_exit(/*c-atexit-handler*/* func) noexcept;
int at_quick_exit(/*atexit-handler*/* func) noexcept;
[[noreturn]] void exit(int status);
[[noreturn]] void _Exit(int status) noexcept;
[[noreturn]] void quick_exit(int status) noexcept;
char* getenv(const char* name);
int system(const char* string);
// C library memory allocation
void* aligned_alloc(size_t alignment, size_t size);
void* calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size);
void free(void* ptr);
void* malloc(size_t size);
void* realloc(void* ptr, size_t size);
double atof(const char* nptr);
int atoi(const char* nptr);
long int atol(const char* nptr);
long long int atoll(const char* nptr);
double strtod(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
float strtof(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
long double strtold(const char* nptr, char** endptr);
long int strtol(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
long long int strtoll(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
unsigned long int strtoul(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
unsigned long long int strtoull(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
// multibyte / wide string and character conversion functions
int mblen(const char* s, size_t n);
int mbtowc(wchar_t* pwc, const char* s, size_t n);
int wctomb(char* s, wchar_t wchar);
size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t* pwcs, const char* s, size_t n);
size_t wcstombs(char* s, const wchar_t* pwcs, size_t n);
// C standard library algorithms
void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
/*c-compare-pred*/* compar);
void* bsearch(const void* key, const void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size,
/*compare-pred*/* compar);
void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, /*c-compare-pred*/* compar);
void qsort(void* base, size_t nmemb, size_t size, /*compare-pred*/* compar);
// low-quality random number generation
int rand();
void srand(unsigned int seed);
// absolute values
constexpr int abs(int j);
constexpr long int abs(long int j);
constexpr long long int abs(long long int j);
constexpr float abs(float j);
constexpr double abs(double j);
constexpr long double abs(long double j);
constexpr long int labs(long int j);
constexpr long long int llabs(long long int j);
constexpr div_t div(int numer, int denom);
constexpr ldiv_t div(long int numer, long int denom);
constexpr lldiv_t div(long long int numer, long long int denom);
constexpr ldiv_t ldiv(long int numer, long int denom);
constexpr lldiv_t lldiv(long long int numer, long long int denom);
}The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.
| DR | Applied to | Behavior as published | Correct behavior |
|---|---|---|---|
| LWG 286 | C++98 | the definition of size_t was not provided in <cstdlib> | provided |
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