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Standard library header <exception>

This header is part of the error handling library.

Types
base class for exceptions thrown by the standard library components
(class)
(C++11)
 a mixin type to capture and store current exceptions
(class)
exception thrown when std::current_exception fails to copy the exception object
(class)
(removed in C++17)
 the type of the function called by std::unexpected
(typedef)
the type of the function called by std::terminate
(typedef)
(C++11)
 shared pointer type for handling exception objects
(typedef)

Functions
(removed in C++17)
 function called when dynamic exception specification is violated
(function)
(removed in C++20)(C++17)
 checks if exception handling is currently in progress
(function)
(C++11)
 creates an std::exception_ptr from an exception object
(function template)
(C++11)
 captures the current exception in a std::exception_ptr
(function)
(C++11)
 throws the exception from an std::exception_ptr
(function)
(C++11)
 throws its argument with std::nested_exception mixed in
(function template)
(C++11)
 throws the exception from a std::nested_exception
(function template)
function called when exception handling fails
(function)
(C++11)
 obtains the current terminate_handler
(function)
changes the function to be called by std::terminate
(function)
(C++11)(removed in C++17)
 obtains the current unexpected_handler
(function)
(removed in C++17)
 changes the function to be called by std::unexpected
(function)

Synopsis

namespace std {
  class exception;
  class bad_exception;
  class nested_exception;
 
  using terminate_handler = void (*)();
  terminate_handler get_terminate() noexcept;
  terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler f) noexcept;
  [[noreturn]] void terminate() noexcept;
 
  int uncaught_exceptions() noexcept;
 
  using exception_ptr = /* unspecified */;
 
  exception_ptr current_exception() noexcept;
  [[noreturn]] void rethrow_exception(exception_ptr p);
  template<class E> exception_ptr make_exception_ptr(E e) noexcept;
 
  template<class T> [[noreturn]] void throw_with_nested(T&& t);
  template<class E> void rethrow_if_nested(const E& e);
}

Class std::exception 

namespace std {
  class exception {
  public:
    exception() noexcept;
    exception(const exception&) noexcept;
    exception& operator=(const exception&) noexcept;
    virtual ~exception();
    virtual const char* what() const noexcept;
  };
}

Class std::bad_exception 

namespace std {
  class bad_exception : public exception {
  public:
    // see [exception] for the specification of the special member functions
    const char* what() const noexcept override;
  };
}

Class std::nested_exception 

namespace std {
  class nested_exception {
  public:
    nested_exception() noexcept;
    nested_exception(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
    nested_exception& operator=(const nested_exception&) noexcept = default;
    virtual ~nested_exception() = default;
 
    // access functions
    [[noreturn]] void rethrow_nested() const;
    exception_ptr nested_ptr() const noexcept;
  };
 
  template<class T> [[noreturn]] void throw_with_nested(T&& t);
  template<class E> void rethrow_if_nested(const E& e);
}

See also

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https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/exception