Operators

Crystal supports a number of operators, with one, two or three operands.

Operator expressions are actually parsed as method calls. For example a + b is semantically equivalent to a.+(b), a call to method + on a with argument b.

There are however some special rules regarding operator syntax:

• The dot (.) usually put between receiver and method name (i.e. the operator) can be omitted.
• Chained sequences of operator calls are restructured by the compiler in order to implement operator precedence. Enforcing operator precedence makes sure that an expression such as 1 * 2 + 3 * 4 is parsed as (1 * 2) + (2 * 3) to honour regular math rules.
• Regular method names must start with a letter or underscore, but operators only consist of special characters. Any method not starting with a letter or underscore is an operator method.
• Available operators are whitelisted in the compiler (see List of Operators below) which allows symbol-only method names and treats them as operators, including their precedence rules.

Operators are implemented like any regular method, and the standard library offers many implementations, for example for math expressions.

Defining operator methods

Most operators can be implemented as regular methods.

One can assign any meaning to the operators, but it is advisable to stay within similar semantics to the generic operator meaning to avoid cryptic code that is confusing and behaves unexpectedly.

A few operators are defined directly by the compiler and cannot be redefined in user code. Examples for this are the inversion operator !, the assignment operator =, combined assignment operators such as ||= and range operators. Whether a method can be redefined is indicated by the colum Overloadable in the below operator tables.

Unary operators

Unary operators are written in prefix notation and have only a single operand. Thus, a method implementation receives no arguments and only operates on self.

The following example demonstrates the Vector2 type as a two-dimensional vector with a unary operator method - for vector inversion.

struct Vector2
  getter x, y

  def initialize(@x : Int32, @y : Int32)
  end

  # Unary operator. Returns the inverted vector to `self`.
  def - : self
    Vector2.new(-x, -y)
  end
end

v1 = Vector2.new(1, 2)
-v1 # => Vector2(@x=-1, @y=-2)

Binary operators

Binary operators have two operands. Thus, a method implementation receives exactly one argument representing the second operand. The first operand is the receiver self.

The following example demonstrates the Vector2 type as a two-dimensional vector with a binary operator method + for vector addition.

struct Vector2
  getter x, y

  def initialize(@x : Int32, @y : Int32)
  end

  # Binary operator. Returns *other* added to `self`.
  def +(other : self) : self
    Vector2.new(x + other.x, y + other.y)
  end
end

v1 = Vector2.new(1, 2)
v2 = Vector2.new(3, 4)
v1 + v2 # => Vector2(@x=4, @y=6)

Per convention, the return type of a binary operator should be the type of the first operand (the receiver), so that typeof(a <op> b) == typeof(a). Otherwise the assignment operator (a <op>= b) would unintentionally change the type of a. There can be reasonable exceptions though. For example in the standard library the float division operator / on integer types always returns Float64, because the quotient must not be limited to the value range of integers.

Ternary operators

The conditional operator (? :) is the only ternary operator. It not parsed as a method, and its meaning cannot be changed. The compiler transforms it to an if expression.

Operator Precedence

This list is sorted by precedence, so upper entries bind stronger than lower ones.

Category	Operators
Index accessors	[], []?
Unary	+, &+, -, &-, !, ~, *, **
Exponential	**, &**
Multiplicative	*, &*, /, //, %
Additive	+, &+, -, &-
Shift	<<, >>
Binary AND	&
Binary OR/XOR	|,^
Equality	==, !=, =~, !~, ===
Comparison	<, <=, >, >=, <=>
Logical AND	&&
Logical OR	||
Range	.., ...
Conditional	?:
Assignment	=, []=, +=, &+=, -=, &-=, *=, &*=, /=, //=, %=, |=, &=,^=,**=,<<=,>>=, ||=, &&=

List of operators

Arithmetic operators

Unary

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
+	positive	+1	yes
&+	wrapping positive	&+1	yes
-	negative	-1	yes
&-	wrapping negative	&-1	yes

Multiplicative

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
**	exponentiation	1 ** 2	yes
&**	wrapping exponentiation	1 &** 2	yes
*	multiplication	1 * 2	yes
&*	wrapping multiplication	1 &* 2	yes
/	division	1 / 2	yes
//	floor division	1 // 2	yes
%	modulus	1 % 2	yes

Additive

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
+	addition	1 + 2	yes
&+	wrapping addition	1 &+ 2	yes
-	subtraction	1 - 2	yes
&-	wrapping subtraction	1 &- 2	yes

Other unary operators

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
!	inversion	!true	no
~	binary complement	~1	yes

Shifts

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
<<	shift left, append	1 << 2, STDOUT << "foo"	yes
>>	shift right	1 >> 2	yes

Binary

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
&	binary AND	1 & 2	yes
|	binary OR	1 | 2	yes
^	binary XOR	1 ^ 2	yes

Equality

Three base operators test equality:

• ==: Checks whether the values of the operands are equal
• =~: Checks whether the value of the first operand matches the value of the second operand with pattern matching.
• ===: Checks whether the left hand operand matches the right hand operand in case equality. This operator is applied in case ... when conditions.

The first two operators also have inversion operators (!= and !~) whose semantical intention is just the inverse of the base operator: a != b is supposed to be equivalent to !(a == b) and a !~ b to !(a =~ b). Nevertheless, these inversions can be defined with a custom implementation. This can be useful for example to improve performance (non-equality can often be proven faster than equality).

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
==	equals	1 == 2	yes
!=	not equals	1 != 2	yes
=~	pattern match	"foo" =~ /fo/	yes
!~	no pattern match	"foo" !~ /fo/	yes
===	case equality	/foo/ === "foo"	yes

Comparison

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
<	less	1 < 2	yes
<=	less or equal	1 <= 2	yes
>	greater	1 > 2	yes
>=	greater or equal	1 >= 2	yes
<=>	comparison	1 <=> 2	yes

Logical

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
&&	logical AND	true && false	no
||	logical OR	true || false	no

Range

The range operators are used in Range literals.

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
..	range	1..10	no
...	exclusive range	1...10	no

Splats

Splat operators can only be used for destructing tuples in method arguments. See Splats and Tuples for details.

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
*	splat	*foo	no
**	double splat	**foo	no

Conditional

The conditional operator (? :) is internally rewritten to an if expression by the compiler.

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
? :	conditional	a == b ? c : d	no

Assignments

The assignment operator = assigns the value of the second operand to the first operand. The first operand is either a variable (in this case the operator can't be redefined) or a call (in this case the operator can be redefined). See assignment for details.

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
=	variable assignment	a = 1	no
=	call assignment	a.b = 1	yes
[]=	index assignment	a[0] = 1	yes

Combined assignments

The assignment operator = is the basis for all operators that combine an operator with assignment. The general form is a <op>= b and the compiler transform that into a = a <op> b.

Exceptions to the general expansion formula are the logical operators:

• a ||= b transforms to a || (a = b)
• a &&= b transforms to a && (a = b)

There is another special case when a is an index accessor ([]), it is changed to the nilable variant ([]? on the right hand side:

• a[i] ||= b transforms to a[i] = (a[i]? || b)
• a[i] &&= b transforms to a[i] = (a[i]? && b)

All transformations assume the receiver (a) is a variable. If it is a call, the replacements are semantically equivalent but the implementation is a bit more complex (introducing an anonymous temporary variable) and expects a= to be callable.

The receiver can't be anything else than a variable or call.

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
+=	addition and assignment	i += 1	no
&+=	wrapping addition and assignment	i &+= 1	no
-=	subtraction and assignment	i -= 1	no
&-=	wrapping subtraction and assignment	i &-= 1	no
*=	multiplication and assignment	i *= 1	no
&*=	wrapping multiplication and assignment	i &*= 1	no
/=	division and assignment	i /= 1	no
//=	floor division and assignment	i //= 1	no
%=	modulo and assignment	i %= 1	yes
|=	binary or and assignment	i |= 1	no
&=	binary and and assignment	i &= 1	no
^=	binary xor and assignment	i ^= 1	no
**=	exponential and assignment	i **= 1	no
<<=	left shift and assignment	i <<= 1	no
>>=	right shift and assignment	i >>= 1	no
||=	logical or and assignment	i ||= true	no
&&=	logical and and assignment	i &&= true	no

Index Accessors

Index accessors are used to query a value by index or key, for example an array item or map entry. The nilable variant []? is supposed to return nil when the index is not found, while the non-nilable variant raises in that case. Implementations in the standard-library usually raise KeyError or IndexError.

Operator	Description	Example	Overloadable
[]	index accessor	ary[i]	yes
[]?	nilable index accessor	ary[i]?	yes