Creates a new empty Hash where the default_value is returned if a key is missing.

inventory = Hash(String, Int32).new(0)
inventory["socks"] = 3
inventory["pickles"] # => 0

WARNING When the default value gets returned on a missing key, it is not stored into the hash under that key. If you want that behaviour, please use the overload with a block.

WARNING The default value is returned as-is. It gets neither duplicated nor cloned. For types with reference semantics this means it will be exactly the same object every time.

hash = Hash(String, Array(Int32)).new([1])
hash["a"][0] = 2
hash["b"] # => [2]

• .new(&block : (Hash(K, V), K -> V)) is an alternative with a block that can return a different default value for each invocation.

The initial_capacity is useful to avoid unnecessary reallocations of the internal buffer in case of growth. If the number of elements a hash will hold is known, the hash should be initialized with that capacity for improved performance. Otherwise, the default is 8. Inputs lower than 8 are ignored.

Reads a Hash from the given pull parser.

Keys are read by invoking from_json_object_key? on this hash's key type (K), which must return a value of type K or nil. If nil is returned a JSON::ParseException is raised.

Values are parsed using the regular .new(pull : JSON::PullParser) method.

Creates a new empty Hash.

Creates a new empty Hash with a block for handling missing keys.

proc = ->(hash : Hash(String, Int32), key : String) { hash[key] = key.size }
hash = Hash(String, Int32).new(proc)

hash.size   # => 0
hash["foo"] # => 3
hash.size   # => 1
hash["bar"] = 10
hash["bar"] # => 10

The initial_capacity is useful to avoid unnecessary reallocations of the internal buffer in case of growth. If the number of elements a hash will hold is known, the hash should be initialized with that capacity for improved performance. Otherwise, the default is 8. Inputs lower than 8 are ignored.

Creates a new empty Hash with a block that handles missing keys.

hash = Hash(String, String).new do |hash, key|
  "some default value"
end

hash.size           # => 0
hash["foo"] = "bar" # => "bar"
hash.size           # => 1
hash["baz"]         # => "some default value"
hash.size           # => 1
hash                # => {"foo" => "bar"}

WARNING When the default block is invoked on a missing key, its return value is not implicitly stored into the hash under that key. If you want that behaviour, you need to store it explicitly:

hash = Hash(String, Int32).new do |hash, key|
  hash[key] = key.size
end

hash.size   # => 0
hash["foo"] # => 3
hash.size   # => 1
hash["bar"] = 10
hash["bar"] # => 10

The initial_capacity is useful to avoid unnecessary reallocations of the internal buffer in case of growth. If the number of elements a hash will hold is known, the hash should be initialized with that capacity for improved performance. Otherwise, the default is 8. Inputs lower than 8 are ignored.

Zips two arrays into a Hash, taking keys from ary1 and values from ary2.

Hash.zip(["key1", "key2", "key3"], ["value1", "value2", "value3"])
# => {"key1" => "value1", "key2" => "value2", "key3" => "value3"}

Compares with other. Returns true if all key-value pairs are the same.

Returns the value for the key given by key. If not found, returns the default value given by Hash.new, otherwise raises KeyError.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h["foo"] # => "bar"

h = Hash(String, String).new("bar")
h["foo"] # => "bar"

h = Hash(String, String).new { "bar" }
h["foo"] # => "bar"

h = Hash(String, String).new
h["foo"] # raises KeyError

Sets the value of key to the given value.

h = {} of String => String
h["foo"] = "bar"
h["foo"] # => "bar"

Returns the value for the key given by key. If not found, returns nil. This ignores the default value set by Hash.new.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h["foo"]? # => "bar"
h["bar"]? # => nil

h = Hash(String, String).new("bar")
h["foo"]? # => nil

Empties a Hash and returns it.

hash = {"foo" => "bar"}
hash.clear # => {}

Similar to #dup, but duplicates the values as well.

hash_a = {"foobar" => {"foo" => "bar"}}
hash_b = hash_a.clone
hash_b["foobar"]["foo"] = "baz"
hash_a # => {"foobar" => {"foo" => "bar"}}

Returns new Hash without nil values.

hash = {"hello" => "world", "foo" => nil}
hash.compact # => {"hello" => "world"}

Removes all nil value from self. Returns self.

hash = {"hello" => "world", "foo" => nil}
hash.compact! # => {"hello" => "world"}

Makes this hash compare keys using their object identity (object_id) for types that define such method (Reference types, but also structs that might wrap other Reference types and delegate the object_id method to them).

h1 = {"foo" => 1, "bar" => 2}
h1["fo" + "o"]? # => 1

h1.compare_by_identity
h1.compare_by_identity? # => true
h1["fo" + "o"]?         # => nil # not the same String instance

Returns true if this Hash is comparing keys by object_id.

See #compare_by_identity.

Deletes the key-value pair and returns the value, otherwise returns nil.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.delete("foo")     # => "bar"
h.fetch("foo", nil) # => nil

Deletes the key-value pair and returns the value, else yields key with given block.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.delete("foo") { |key| "#{key} not found" } # => "bar"
h.fetch("foo", nil)                          # => nil
h.delete("baz") { |key| "#{key} not found" } # => "baz not found"

Traverses the depth of a structure and returns the value, otherwise raises KeyError.

h = {"a" => {"b" => [10, 20, 30]}}
h.dig "a", "b" # => [10, 20, 30]
h.dig "a", "x" # raises KeyError

Traverses the depth of a structure and returns the value. Returns nil if not found.

h = {"a" => {"b" => [10, 20, 30]}}
h.dig? "a", "b" # => [10, 20, 30]
h.dig? "a", "x" # => nil

Duplicates a Hash.

hash_a = {"foo" => "bar"}
hash_b = hash_a.dup
hash_b.merge!({"baz" => "qux"})
hash_a # => {"foo" => "bar"}

Calls the given block for each key-value pair and passes in the key and the value.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}

h.each do |key, value|
  key   # => "foo"
  value # => "bar"
end

h.each do |key_and_value|
  key_and_value # => {"foo", "bar"}
end

The enumeration follows the order the keys were inserted.

Returns an iterator over the hash entries. Which behaves like an Iterator returning a Tuple consisting of the key and value types.

hsh = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
iterator = hsh.each

iterator.next # => {"foo", "bar"}
iterator.next # => {"baz", "qux"}

The enumeration follows the order the keys were inserted.

Calls the given block for each key-value pair and passes in the key.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.each_key do |key|
  key # => "foo"
end

The enumeration follows the order the keys were inserted.

Returns an iterator over the hash keys. Which behaves like an Iterator consisting of the key's types.

hsh = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
iterator = hsh.each_key

key = iterator.next
key # => "foo"

key = iterator.next
key # => "baz"

The enumeration follows the order the keys were inserted.

Calls the given block for each key-value pair and passes in the value.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.each_value do |value|
  value # => "bar"
end

The enumeration follows the order the keys were inserted.

Returns an iterator over the hash values. Which behaves like an Iterator consisting of the value's types.

hsh = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
iterator = hsh.each_value

value = iterator.next
value # => "bar"

value = iterator.next
value # => "qux"

The enumeration follows the order the keys were inserted.

Returns true when hash contains no key-value pairs.

h = Hash(String, String).new
h.empty? # => true

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.empty? # => false

Returns the value for the key given by key, or when not found the value given by default. This ignores the default value set by Hash.new.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.fetch("foo", "foo") # => "bar"
h.fetch("bar", "foo") # => "foo"

Returns the value for the key given by key, or when not found calls the given block with the key.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.fetch("foo") { "default value" }  # => "bar"
h.fetch("bar") { "default value" }  # => "default value"
h.fetch("bar") { |key| key.upcase } # => "BAR"

Returns the first key in the hash.

Returns the first key if it exists, or returns nil.

hash = {"foo1" => "bar1", "foz2" => "baz2"}
hash.first_key? # => "foo1"
hash.clear
hash.first_key? # => nil

Returns the first value in the hash.

Returns the first value if it exists, or returns nil.

hash = {"foo1" => "bar1", "foz2" => "baz2"}
hash.first_value? # => "bar1"
hash.clear
hash.first_value? # => nil

Returns true when key given by key exists, otherwise false.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.has_key?("foo") # => true
h.has_key?("bar") # => false

Returns true when value given by value exists, otherwise false.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.has_value?("foo") # => false
h.has_value?("bar") # => true

See Object#hash(hasher)

Appends a String representation of this object which includes its class name, its object address and the values of all instance variables.

class Person
  def initialize(@name : String, @age : Int32)
  end
end

Person.new("John", 32).inspect # => #<Person:0x10fd31f20 @name="John", @age=32>

Inverts keys and values. If there are duplicated values, the last key becomes the new value.

{"foo" => "bar"}.invert                 # => {"bar" => "foo"}
{"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "bar"}.invert # => {"bar" => "baz"}

Returns a key with the given value, else raises KeyError.

hash = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
hash.key_for("bar")    # => "foo"
hash.key_for("qux")    # => "baz"
hash.key_for("foobar") # raises KeyError (Missing hash key for value: foobar)

Returns a key with the given value, else yields value with the given block.

hash = {"foo" => "bar"}
hash.key_for("bar") { |value| value.upcase } # => "foo"
hash.key_for("qux") { |value| value.upcase } # => "QUX"

Returns a key with the given value, else nil.

hash = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
hash.key_for?("bar")    # => "foo"
hash.key_for?("qux")    # => "baz"
hash.key_for?("foobar") # => nil

Returns a new Array with all the keys.

h = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "bar"}
h.keys # => ["foo", "baz"]

Returns the last key in the hash.

Returns the last key if it exists, or returns nil.

hash = {"foo1" => "bar1", "foz2" => "baz2"}
hash.last_key? # => "foz2"
hash.clear
hash.last_key? # => nil

Returns the last value in the hash.

Returns the last value if it exists, or returns nil.

hash = {"foo1" => "bar1", "foz2" => "baz2"}
hash.last_value? # => "baz2"
hash.clear
hash.last_value? # => nil

Returns a new Hash with the keys and values of this hash and other combined. A value in other takes precedence over the one in this hash.

hash = {"foo" => "bar"}
hash.merge({"baz" => "qux"})
# => {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
hash
# => {"foo" => "bar"}

Similar to #merge, but the receiver is modified.

hash = {"foo" => "bar"}
hash.merge!({"baz" => "qux"})
hash # => {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}

Adds the contents of other to this hash. If a key exists in both hashes, the given block is called to determine the value to be used. The block arguments are the key, the value in self and the value in other.

hash = {"a" => 100, "b" => 200}
other = {"b" => 254, "c" => 300}
hash.merge!(other) { |key, v1, v2| v1 + v2 }
hash # => {"a" => 100, "b" => 454, "c" => 300}

Returns true if self is a subset of other.

Returns true if other is a subset of self or equals to self.

Sets the value of key to the given value.

If a value already exists for key, that (old) value is returned. Otherwise the given block is invoked with key and its value is returned.

h = {} of Int32 => String
h.put(1, "one") { "didn't exist" } # => "didn't exist"
h.put(1, "uno") { "didn't exist" } # => "one"
h.put(2, "two") { |key| key.to_s } # => "2"
h                                  # => {1 => "one", 2 => "two"}

Sets the value of key to the given value, unless a value for key already exists.

If a value already exists for key, that (old) value is returned. Otherwise value is returned.

h = {} of Int32 => String
h.put_if_absent(1, "one") # => "one"
h.put_if_absent(1, "uno") # => "one"
h.put_if_absent(2, "two") # => "two"
h                         # => {1 => "one", 2 => "two"}

Sets the value of key to the value returned by the given block, unless a value for key already exists.

If a value already exists for key, that (old) value is returned. Otherwise the given block is invoked with key and its value is returned.

h = {} of Int32 => Array(String)
h.put_if_absent(1) { |key| [key.to_s] } # => ["1"]
h.put_if_absent(1) { [] of String }     # => ["1"]
h.put_if_absent(2) { |key| [key.to_s] } # => ["2"]
h                                       # => {1 => ["1"], 2 => ["2"]}

hash.put_if_absent(key) { value } is a more performant alternative to hash[key] ||= value that also works correctly when the hash may contain falsey values.

Rebuilds the hash table based on the current keys.

When using mutable data types as keys, modifying a key after it was inserted into the Hash may lead to undefined behaviour. This method re-indexes the hash using the current keys.

Returns a new hash consisting of entries for which the block is falsey.

h = {"a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300}
h.reject { |k, v| k > "a" } # => {"a" => 100}
h.reject { |k, v| v < 200 } # => {"b" => 200, "c" => 300}

Returns a new Hash without the given keys.

{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.reject(["a", "c"]) # => {"b" => 2, "d" => 4}

Returns a new Hash without the given keys.

{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.reject("a", "c") # => {"b" => 2, "d" => 4}

Equivalent to Hash#reject, but makes modification on the current object rather than returning a new one. Returns self.

Removes a list of keys out of hash.

hash = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}
hash.reject!(["a", "c"]) # => {"b" => 2, "d" => 4}
hash                     # => {"b" => 2, "d" => 4}

Removes a list of keys out of hash.

hash = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}
hash.reject!("a", "c") # => {"b" => 2, "d" => 4}
hash                   # => {"b" => 2, "d" => 4}

Returns a new hash consisting of entries for which the block is truthy.

h = {"a" => 100, "b" => 200, "c" => 300}
h.select { |k, v| k > "a" } # => {"b" => 200, "c" => 300}
h.select { |k, v| v < 200 } # => {"a" => 100}

Returns a new Hash with the given keys.

{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select({"a", "c"})    # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select("a", "c")      # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select(["a", "c"])    # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select(Set{"a", "c"}) # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}

Returns a new Hash with the given keys.

{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select({"a", "c"})    # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select("a", "c")      # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select(["a", "c"])    # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}
{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select(Set{"a", "c"}) # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}

Equivalent to Hash#select but makes modification on the current object rather than returning a new one. Returns self.

Removes every element except the given ones.

h1 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!({"a", "c"})
h2 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!("a", "c")
h3 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!(["a", "c"])
h4 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!(Set{"a", "c"})
h1 == h2 == h3 == h4 # => true
h1                   # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}

Removes every element except the given ones.

h1 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!({"a", "c"})
h2 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!("a", "c")
h3 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!(["a", "c"])
h4 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!(Set{"a", "c"})
h1 == h2 == h3 == h4 # => true
h1                   # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}

Removes every element except the given ones.

h1 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!({"a", "c"})
h2 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!("a", "c")
h3 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!(["a", "c"])
h4 = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.select!(Set{"a", "c"})
h1 == h2 == h3 == h4 # => true
h1                   # => {"a" => 1, "c" => 3}

Deletes and returns the first key-value pair in the hash, or raises IndexError if the hash is empty.

hash = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
hash.shift # => {"foo", "bar"}
hash       # => {"baz" => "qux"}

hash = {} of String => String
hash.shift # raises IndexError

Deletes and returns the first key-value pair in the hash. Yields to the given block if the hash is empty.

hash = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
hash.shift { true } # => {"foo", "bar"}
hash                # => {"baz" => "qux"}

hash = {} of String => String
hash.shift { true } # => true
hash                # => {}

Same as #shift, but returns nil if the hash is empty.

hash = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
hash.shift? # => {"foo", "bar"}
hash        # => {"baz" => "qux"}

hash = {} of String => String
hash.shift? # => nil

Returns the number of elements in this Hash.

Returns true if self is a subset of other or equals to other.

Returns true if other is a subset of self.

Returns an Array of Tuple(K, V) with key and values belonging to this Hash.

h = {1 => 'a', 2 => 'b', 3 => 'c'}
h.to_a # => [{1, 'a'}, {2, 'b'}, {3, 'c'}]

The order of the array follows the order the keys were inserted in the Hash.

Returns an Array with the results of running block against tuples with key and values belonging to this Hash.

h = {"first_name" => "foo", "last_name" => "bar"}
h.to_a { |_k, v| v.capitalize } # => ["Foo", "Bar"]

The order of the array follows the order the keys were inserted in the Hash.

Returns self.

Serializes this Hash into JSON.

Keys are serialized by invoking to_json_object_key on them. Values are serialized with the usual #to_json(json : JSON::Builder) method.

Converts to a String.

h = {"foo" => "bar"}
h.to_s       # => "{\"foo\" => \"bar\"}"
h.to_s.class # => String

Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation. The block can change a type of keys. The block yields the key and value.

hash = {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3}
hash.transform_keys { |key| key.to_s }                # => {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3}
hash.transform_keys { |key, value| key.to_s * value } # => {"a" => 1, "bb" => 2, "ccc" => 3}

Destructively transforms all keys using a block. Same as transform_keys but modifies in place. The block cannot change a type of keys. The block yields the key and value.

hash = {"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3}
hash.transform_keys! { |key| key.upcase }
hash # => {"A" => 1, "B" => 2, "C" => 3}
hash.transform_keys! { |key, value| key * value }
hash # => {"a" => 1, "bb" => 2, "ccc" => 3}

Returns a new hash with the results of running block once for every value. The block can change a type of values. The block yields the value and key.

hash = {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3}
hash.transform_values { |value| value + 1 }             # => {:a => 2, :b => 3, :c => 4}
hash.transform_values { |value, key| "#{key}#{value}" } # => {:a => "a1", :b => "b2", :c => "c3"}

Destructively transforms all values using a block. Same as transform_values but modifies in place. The block cannot change a type of values. The block yields the value and key.

hash = {:a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3}
hash.transform_values! { |value| value + 1 }
hash # => {:a => 2, :b => 3, :c => 4}
hash.transform_values! { |value, key| value + key.to_s[0].ord }
hash # => {:a => 99, :b => 101, :c => 103}

See #update for updating a single value.

Updates the current value of key with the value returned by the given block (the current value is used as input for the block).

If no entry for key is present, but there's a default value (or default block) then that default value is used as input for the given block.

If no entry for key is present and the hash has no default value, it raises KeyError.

It returns the value used as input for the given block (ie. the old value if key present, or the default value)

h = {"a" => 0, "b" => 1}
h.update("b") { |v| v + 41 } # => 1
h["b"]                       # => 42

h = Hash(String, Int32).new(40)
h.update("foo") { |v| v + 2 } # => 40
h["foo"]                      # => 42

h = {} of String => Int32
h.update("a") { 42 } # raises KeyError

See #transform_values! for updating all the values.

Returns only the values as an Array.

h = {"foo" => "bar", "baz" => "qux"}
h.values # => ["bar", "qux"]

Returns a tuple populated with the values of the given keys, with the same order. Raises if a key is not found.

{"a" => 1, "b" => 2, "c" => 3, "d" => 4}.values_at("a", "c") # => {1, 3}