W3cubDocs

/D

Inline Assembler

Contents
  1. Asm statement
  2. Asm instruction
  3. Labels
  4. align IntegerExpression
  5. even
  6. naked
  7. db, ds, di, dl, df, dd, de
  8. Opcodes
    1. Special Cases
  9. Operands
    1. Operand Types
    2. Struct/Union/Class Member Offsets
    3. Stack Variables
    4. Special Symbols
  10. Opcodes Supported
    1. Pentium 4 (Prescott) Opcodes Supported
    2. AMD Opcodes Supported
    3. SIMD
    4. Other
Some Assembly Required

D, being a systems programming language, provides an inline assembler. The inline assembler is standardized for D implementations across the same CPU family, for example, the Intel Pentium inline assembler for a Win32 D compiler will be syntax compatible with the inline assembler for Linux running on an Intel Pentium.

Implementations of D on different architectures, however, are free to innovate upon the memory model, function call/return conventions, argument passing conventions, etc.

This document describes the x86 and x86_64 implementations of the inline assembler. The inline assembler platform support that a compiler provides is indicated by the D_InlineAsm_X86 and D_InlineAsm_X86_64 version identifiers, respectively.

Asm statement

AsmStatement:
    asm FunctionAttributesopt { AsmInstructionListopt }

    AsmInstructionList:
        AsmInstruction ;
        AsmInstruction ; AsmInstructionList

Assembler instructions must be located inside an asm block. Like functions, asm statements must be anotated with adequate function attributes to be compatible with the caller. Asm statements attributes must be explicitly defined, they are not infered. 

void func1() pure nothrow @safe @nogc
{
    asm pure nothrow @trusted @nogc
    {}
}

void func2() @safe @nogc
{
    asm @nogc // Error: asm statement is assumed to be @system - mark it with '@trusted' if it is not
    {}
}

Asm instruction

AsmInstruction:
    Identifier : AsmInstruction
    align IntegerExpression
    even
    naked
    db Operands
    ds Operands
    di Operands
    dl Operands
    df Operands
    dd Operands
    de Operands
    db StringLiteral
    ds StringLiteral
    di StringLiteral
    dl StringLiteral
    dw StringLiteral
    dq StringLiteral
    Opcode
    Opcode Operands

Operands:
    Operand
    Operand , Operands

Labels

Assembler instructions can be labeled just like other statements. They can be the target of goto statements. For example: 

void *pc;
asm
{
    call L1          ;
  L1:                ;
    pop  EBX         ;
    mov  pc[EBP],EBX ; // pc now points to code at L1
}

align IntegerExpression 

IntegerExpression:
    IntegerLiteral
    Identifier

Causes the assembler to emit NOP instructions to align the next assembler instruction on an IntegerExpression boundary. IntegerExpression must evaluate at compile time to an integer that is a power of 2.

Aligning the start of a loop body can sometimes have a dramatic effect on the execution speed.

even

Causes the assembler to emit NOP instructions to align the next assembler instruction on an even boundary.

naked

Causes the compiler to not generate the function prolog and epilog sequences. This means such is the responsibility of inline assembly programmer, and is normally used when the entire function is to be written in assembler.

db, ds, di, dl, df, dd, de

These pseudo ops are for inserting raw data directly into the code. db is for bytes, ds is for 16 bit words, di is for 32 bit words, dl is for 64 bit words, df is for 32 bit floats, dd is for 64 bit doubles, and de is for 80 bit extended reals. Each can have multiple operands. If an operand is a string literal, it is as if there were length operands, where length is the number of characters in the string. One character is used per operand. For example:

asm
{
    db 5,6,0x83;   // insert bytes 0x05, 0x06, and 0x83 into code
    ds 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12
    di 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00
    dl 0x1234;     // insert bytes 0x34, 0x12, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
    df 1.234;      // insert float 1.234
    dd 1.234;      // insert double 1.234
    de 1.234;      // insert real 1.234
    db "abc";      // insert bytes 0x61, 0x62, and 0x63
    ds "abc";      // insert bytes 0x61, 0x00, 0x62, 0x00, 0x63, 0x00
}

Opcodes

A list of supported opcodes is at the end.

The following registers are supported. Register names are always in upper case. 

Register:
    AL AH AX EAX
    BL BH BX EBX
    CL CH CX ECX
    DL DH DX EDX
    BP EBP
    SP ESP
    DI EDI
    SI ESI
    ES CS SS DS GS FS
    CR0 CR2 CR3 CR4
    DR0 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR6 DR7
    TR3 TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7
    ST
    ST(0) ST(1) ST(2) ST(3) ST(4) ST(5) ST(6) ST(7)
    MM0  MM1  MM2  MM3  MM4  MM5  MM6  MM7
    XMM0 XMM1 XMM2 XMM3 XMM4 XMM5 XMM6 XMM7

x86_64 adds these additional registers.

Register64:
    RAX  RBX  RCX  RDX
    BPL  RBP
    SPL  RSP
    DIL  RDI
    SIL  RSI
    R8B  R8W  R8D  R8
    R9B  R9W  R9D  R9
    R10B R10W R10D R10
    R11B R11W R11D R11
    R12B R12W R12D R12
    R13B R13W R13D R13
    R14B R14W R14D R14
    R15B R15W R15D R15
    XMM8 XMM9 XMM10 XMM11 XMM12 XMM13 XMM14 XMM15
    YMM0 YMM1 YMM2  YMM3  YMM4  YMM5  YMM6  YMM7
    YMM8 YMM9 YMM10 YMM11 YMM12 YMM13 YMM14 YMM15

Special Cases

lock, rep, repe, repne, repnz, repz
These prefix instructions do not appear in the same statement as the instructions they prefix; they appear in their own statement. For example:
asm
{
    rep   ;
    movsb ;
}
pause
This opcode is not supported by the assembler, instead use 
asm
{
    rep  ;
    nop  ;
}
which produces the same result.
floating point ops
Use the two operand form of the instruction format; 
fdiv ST(1);     // wrong
fmul ST;        // wrong
fdiv ST,ST(1);  // right
fmul ST,ST(0);  // right

Operands

Operand:
    AsmExp

AsmExp:
    AsmLogOrExp
    AsmLogOrExp ? AsmExp : AsmExp

AsmLogOrExp:
    AsmLogAndExp
    AsmLogOrExp || AsmLogAndExp

AsmLogAndExp:
    AsmOrExp
    AsmLogAndExp && AsmOrExp

AsmOrExp:
    AsmXorExp
    AsmOrExp | AsmXorExp

AsmXorExp:
    AsmAndExp
    AsmXorExp ^ AsmAndExp

AsmAndExp:
    AsmEqualExp
    AsmAndExp & AsmEqualExp

AsmEqualExp:
    AsmRelExp
    AsmEqualExp == AsmRelExp
    AsmEqualExp != AsmRelExp

AsmRelExp:
    AsmShiftExp
    AsmRelExp < AsmShiftExp
    AsmRelExp <= AsmShiftExp
    AsmRelExp > AsmShiftExp
    AsmRelExp >= AsmShiftExp

AsmShiftExp:
    AsmAddExp
    AsmShiftExp << AsmAddExp
    AsmShiftExp >> AsmAddExp
    AsmShiftExp >>> AsmAddExp

AsmAddExp:
    AsmMulExp
    AsmAddExp + AsmMulExp
    AsmAddExp - AsmMulExp

AsmMulExp:
    AsmBrExp
    AsmMulExp * AsmBrExp
    AsmMulExp / AsmBrExp
    AsmMulExp % AsmBrExp

AsmBrExp:
    AsmUnaExp
    AsmBrExp [ AsmExp ]

AsmUnaExp:
    AsmTypePrefix AsmExp
    offsetof AsmExp
    seg AsmExp
    + AsmUnaExp
    - AsmUnaExp
    ! AsmUnaExp
    ~ AsmUnaExp
    AsmPrimaryExp

AsmPrimaryExp:
    IntegerLiteral
    FloatLiteral
    __LOCAL_SIZE
    $
    Register
    Register : AsmExp
    Register64
    Register64 : AsmExp
    DotIdentifier
    this

DotIdentifier:
    Identifier
    Identifier . DotIdentifier
    BasicTypeX . Identifier

The operand syntax more or less follows the Intel CPU documentation conventions. In particular, the convention is that for two operand instructions the source is the right operand and the destination is the left operand. The syntax differs from that of Intel's in order to be compatible with the D language tokenizer and to simplify parsing.

The seg means load the segment number that the symbol is in. This is not relevant for flat model code. Instead, do a move from the relevant segment register.

A dotted expression is evaluated during the compilation and then must either give a constant or indicate a higher level variable that fits in the target register or variable.

Operand Types

AsmTypePrefix:
    near ptr
    far ptr
    word ptr
    dword ptr
    qword ptr
    BasicTypeX ptr

In cases where the operand size is ambiguous, as in:

add [EAX],3     ;
it can be disambiguated by using an AsmTypePrefix: 
add  byte ptr [EAX],3 ;
add  int ptr [EAX],7  ;

far ptr is not relevant for flat model code.

Struct/Union/Class Member Offsets

To access members of an aggregate, given a pointer to the aggregate is in a register, use the .offsetof property of the qualified name of the member:

struct Foo { int a,b,c; }
int bar(Foo *f)
{
    asm
    {
        mov EBX,f                   ;
        mov EAX,Foo.b.offsetof[EBX] ;
    }
}
void main()
{
    Foo f = Foo(0, 2, 0);
    assert(bar(&f) == 2);
}

Alternatively, inside the scope of an aggregate, only the member name is needed:

struct Foo   // or class
{
    int a,b,c;
    int bar()
    {
        asm
        {
            mov EBX, this   ;
            mov EAX, b[EBX] ;
        }
    }
}
void main()
{
    Foo f = Foo(0, 2, 0);
    assert(f.bar() == 2);
}

Stack Variables

Stack variables (variables local to a function and allocated on the stack) are accessed via the name of the variable indexed by EBP:

int foo(int x)
{
    asm
    {
        mov EAX,x[EBP] ; // loads value of parameter x into EAX
        mov EAX,x      ; // does the same thing
    }
}

If the [EBP] is omitted, it is assumed for local variables. If naked is used, this no longer holds.

Special Symbols

&dollar;
Represents the program counter of the start of the next instruction. So, 
jmp  $  ;
branches to the instruction following the jmp instruction. The &dollar; can only appear as the target of a jmp or call instruction.
__LOCAL_SIZE
This gets replaced by the number of local bytes in the local stack frame. It is most handy when the naked is invoked and a custom stack frame is programmed.

Opcodes Supported

Opcodes
aaa aad aam aas adc
add addpd addps addsd addss
and andnpd andnps andpd andps
arpl bound bsf bsr bswap
bt btc btr bts call
cbw cdq clc cld clflush
cli clts cmc cmova cmovae
cmovb cmovbe cmovc cmove cmovg
cmovge cmovl cmovle cmovna cmovnae
cmovnb cmovnbe cmovnc cmovne cmovng
cmovnge cmovnl cmovnle cmovno cmovnp
cmovns cmovnz cmovo cmovp cmovpe
cmovpo cmovs cmovz cmp cmppd
cmpps cmps cmpsb cmpsd cmpss
cmpsw cmpxchg cmpxchg8b cmpxchg16b
comisd comiss
cpuid cvtdq2pd cvtdq2ps cvtpd2dq cvtpd2pi
cvtpd2ps cvtpi2pd cvtpi2ps cvtps2dq cvtps2pd
cvtps2pi cvtsd2si cvtsd2ss cvtsi2sd cvtsi2ss
cvtss2sd cvtss2si cvttpd2dq cvttpd2pi cvttps2dq
cvttps2pi cvttsd2si cvttss2si cwd cwde
da daa das db dd
de dec df di div
divpd divps divsd divss dl
dq ds dt dw emms
enter f2xm1 fabs fadd faddp
fbld fbstp fchs fclex fcmovb
fcmovbe fcmove fcmovnb fcmovnbe fcmovne
fcmovnu fcmovu fcom fcomi fcomip
fcomp fcompp fcos fdecstp fdisi
fdiv fdivp fdivr fdivrp feni
ffree fiadd ficom ficomp fidiv
fidivr fild fimul fincstp finit
fist fistp fisub fisubr fld
fld1 fldcw fldenv fldl2e fldl2t
fldlg2 fldln2 fldpi fldz fmul
fmulp fnclex fndisi fneni fninit
fnop fnsave fnstcw fnstenv fnstsw
fpatan fprem fprem1 fptan frndint
frstor fsave fscale fsetpm fsin
fsincos fsqrt fst fstcw fstenv
fstp fstsw fsub fsubp fsubr
fsubrp ftst fucom fucomi fucomip
fucomp fucompp fwait fxam fxch
fxrstor fxsave fxtract fyl2x fyl2xp1
hlt idiv imul in inc
ins insb insd insw int
into invd invlpg iret iretd
iretq ja jae jb jbe
jc jcxz je jecxz jg
jge jl jle jmp jna
jnae jnb jnbe jnc jne
jng jnge jnl jnle jno
jnp jns jnz jo jp
jpe jpo js jz lahf
lar ldmxcsr lds lea leave
les lfence lfs lgdt lgs
lidt lldt lmsw lock lods
lodsb lodsd lodsw loop loope
loopne loopnz loopz lsl lss
ltr maskmovdqu maskmovq maxpd maxps
maxsd maxss mfence minpd minps
minsd minss mov movapd movaps
movd movdq2q movdqa movdqu movhlps
movhpd movhps movlhps movlpd movlps
movmskpd movmskps movntdq movnti movntpd
movntps movntq movq movq2dq movs
movsb movsd movss movsw movsx
movupd movups movzx mul mulpd
mulps mulsd mulss neg nop
not or orpd orps out
outs outsb outsd outsw packssdw
packsswb packuswb paddb paddd paddq
paddsb paddsw paddusb paddusw paddw
pand pandn pavgb pavgw pcmpeqb
pcmpeqd pcmpeqw pcmpgtb pcmpgtd pcmpgtw
pextrw pinsrw pmaddwd pmaxsw pmaxub
pminsw pminub pmovmskb pmulhuw pmulhw
pmullw pmuludq pop popa popad
popf popfd por prefetchnta prefetcht0
prefetcht1 prefetcht2 psadbw pshufd pshufhw
pshuflw pshufw pslld pslldq psllq
psllw psrad psraw psrld psrldq
psrlq psrlw psubb psubd psubq
psubsb psubsw psubusb psubusw psubw
punpckhbw punpckhdq punpckhqdq punpckhwd punpcklbw
punpckldq punpcklqdq punpcklwd push pusha
pushad pushf pushfd pxor rcl
rcpps rcpss rcr rdmsr rdpmc
rdtsc rep repe repne repnz
repz ret retf rol ror
rsm rsqrtps rsqrtss sahf sal
sar sbb scas scasb scasd
scasw seta setae setb setbe
setc sete setg setge setl
setle setna setnae setnb setnbe
setnc setne setng setnge setnl
setnle setno setnp setns setnz
seto setp setpe setpo sets
setz sfence sgdt shl shld
shr shrd shufpd shufps sidt
sldt smsw sqrtpd sqrtps sqrtsd
sqrtss stc std sti stmxcsr
stos stosb stosd stosw str
sub subpd subps subsd subss
syscall sysenter sysexit sysret test
ucomisd ucomiss ud2 unpckhpd unpckhps
unpcklpd unpcklps verr verw wait
wbinvd wrmsr xadd xchg xlat
xlatb xor xorpd xorps

Pentium 4 (Prescott) Opcodes Supported

Pentium 4 Opcodes
addsubpd addsubps fisttp haddpd haddps
hsubpd hsubps lddqu monitor movddup
movshdup movsldup mwait

AMD Opcodes Supported

AMD Opcodes
pavgusb pf2id pfacc pfadd pfcmpeq
pfcmpge pfcmpgt pfmax pfmin pfmul
pfnacc pfpnacc pfrcp pfrcpit1 pfrcpit2
pfrsqit1 pfrsqrt pfsub pfsubr pi2fd
pmulhrw pswapd

SIMD

SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 and AVX are supported.

© 1999–2019 The D Language Foundation
Licensed under the Boost License 1.0.
https://dlang.org/spec/iasm.html