html

<button id="add-nodes">Add a node</button>
<button id="reset">Reset</button>

<pre id="log" class="log">Next sibling of added node:</pre>
<div id="target"><p>Node #0</p></div>

js

const addNodes = document.querySelector("#add-nodes");
const reset = document.querySelector("#reset");
const target = document.querySelector("#target");
let nodeNumber = 1;

addNodes.addEventListener("click", () => {
  const newPara = document.createElement("p");
  newPara.textContent = `Node #${nodeNumber}`;
  nodeNumber++;
  target.insertBefore(newPara, target.firstChild);
});

reset.addEventListener("click", () => self.location.reload());

function logNextSibling(records) {
  for (const record of records) {
    if (record.type === "childList") {
      for (const newNode of record.addedNodes) {
        log.textContent = `Next sibling of added node: ${record.nextSibling?.textContent}`;
      }
    }
  }
}

const observer = new MutationObserver(logNextSibling);
observer.observe(target, { childList: true });