Default theme implementation for a field.
To override output, copy the "field.html.twig" from the templates directory to your theme's directory and customize it, just like customizing other Drupal templates such as page.html.twig or node.html.twig.
Instead of overriding the theming for all fields, you can also just override theming for a subset of fields using Theme hook suggestions. For example, here are some theme hook suggestions that can be used for a field_foo field on an article node type:
Available variables:
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https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core!modules!system!templates!field.html.twig/8.1.x