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Using Lists as Sets

A list can represent an unordered mathematical set—simply consider a value an element of a set if it appears in the list, and ignore the order of the list. To form the union of two sets, use append (as long as you don’t mind having duplicate elements). You can remove equal duplicates using delete-dups. Other useful functions for sets include memq and delq, and their equal versions, member and delete.

Common Lisp note: Common Lisp has functions union (which avoids duplicate elements) and intersection for set operations. In Emacs Lisp, variants of these facilities are provided by the cl-lib library. See Lists as Sets in Common Lisp Extensions.

Function: memq object list

This function tests to see whether object is a member of list. If it is, memq returns a list starting with the first occurrence of object. Otherwise, it returns nil. The letter ‘q’ in memq says that it uses eq to compare object against the elements of the list. For example:

(memq 'b '(a b c b a))
     ⇒ (b c b a)

(memq '(2) '((1) (2)))    ; The two (2)s need not be eq.
     ⇒ Unspecified; might be nil or ((2)).

Function: delq object list

This function destructively removes all elements eq to object from list, and returns the resulting list. The letter ‘q’ in delq says that it uses eq to compare object against the elements of the list, like memq and remq.

Typically, when you invoke delq, you should use the return value by assigning it to the variable which held the original list. The reason for this is explained below.

The delq function deletes elements from the front of the list by simply advancing down the list, and returning a sublist that starts after those elements. For example:

(delq 'a '(a b c)) ≡ (cdr '(a b c))

When an element to be deleted appears in the middle of the list, removing it involves changing the CDRs (see Setcdr).

(setq sample-list (list 'a 'b 'c '(4)))
     ⇒ (a b c (4))

(delq 'a sample-list)
     ⇒ (b c (4))

sample-list
     ⇒ (a b c (4))

(delq 'c sample-list)
     ⇒ (a b (4))

sample-list
     ⇒ (a b (4))

Note that (delq 'c sample-list) modifies sample-list to splice out the third element, but (delq 'a sample-list) does not splice anything—it just returns a shorter list. Don’t assume that a variable which formerly held the argument list now has fewer elements, or that it still holds the original list! Instead, save the result of delq and use that. Most often we store the result back into the variable that held the original list:

(setq flowers (delq 'rose flowers))

In the following example, the (list 4) that delq attempts to match and the (4) in the sample-list are equal but not eq:

(delq (list 4) sample-list)
     ⇒ (a c (4))

If you want to delete elements that are equal to a given value, use delete (see below).

Function: remq object list

This function returns a copy of list, with all elements removed which are eq to object. The letter ‘q’ in remq says that it uses eq to compare object against the elements of list.

(setq sample-list (list 'a 'b 'c 'a 'b 'c))
     ⇒ (a b c a b c)

(remq 'a sample-list)
     ⇒ (b c b c)

sample-list
     ⇒ (a b c a b c)

Function: memql object list

The function memql tests to see whether object is a member of list, comparing members with object using eql, so floating-point elements are compared by value. If object is a member, memql returns a list starting with its first occurrence in list. Otherwise, it returns nil.

Compare this with memq:

(memql 1.2 '(1.1 1.2 1.3))  ; 1.2 and 1.2 are eql.
     ⇒ (1.2 1.3)

(memq 1.2 '(1.1 1.2 1.3))  ; The two 1.2s need not be eq.
     ⇒ Unspecified; might be nil or (1.2 1.3).

The following three functions are like memq, delq and remq, but use equal rather than eq to compare elements. See Equality Predicates.

Function: member object list

The function member tests to see whether object is a member of list, comparing members with object using equal. If object is a member, member returns a list starting with its first occurrence in list. Otherwise, it returns nil.

Compare this with memq:

(member '(2) '((1) (2)))  ; (2) and (2) are equal.
     ⇒ ((2))

(memq '(2) '((1) (2)))    ; The two (2)s need not be eq.
     ⇒ Unspecified; might be nil or (2).

;; Two strings with the same contents are equal.
(member "foo" '("foo" "bar"))
     ⇒ ("foo" "bar")

Function: delete object sequence

This function removes all elements equal to object from sequence, and returns the resulting sequence.

If sequence is a list, delete is to delq as member is to memq: it uses equal to compare elements with object, like member; when it finds an element that matches, it cuts the element out just as delq would. As with delq, you should typically use the return value by assigning it to the variable which held the original list.

If sequence is a vector or string, delete returns a copy of sequence with all elements equal to object removed.

For example:

(setq l (list '(2) '(1) '(2)))
(delete '(2) l)
     ⇒ ((1))
l
     ⇒ ((2) (1))
;; If you want to change l reliably,
;; write (setq l (delete '(2) l)).

(setq l (list '(2) '(1) '(2)))
(delete '(1) l)
     ⇒ ((2) (2))
l
     ⇒ ((2) (2))
;; In this case, it makes no difference whether you set l,
;; but you should do so for the sake of the other case.

(delete '(2) [(2) (1) (2)])
     ⇒ [(1)]

Function: remove object sequence

This function is the non-destructive counterpart of delete. It returns a copy of sequence, a list, vector, or string, with elements equal to object removed. For example:

(remove '(2) '((2) (1) (2)))
     ⇒ ((1))

(remove '(2) [(2) (1) (2)])
     ⇒ [(1)]

Common Lisp note: The functions member, delete and remove in GNU Emacs Lisp are derived from Maclisp, not Common Lisp. The Common Lisp versions do not use equal to compare elements.

Function: member-ignore-case object list

This function is like member, except that object should be a string and that it ignores differences in letter-case and text representation: upper-case and lower-case letters are treated as equal, and unibyte strings are converted to multibyte prior to comparison.

Function: delete-dups list

This function destructively removes all equal duplicates from list, stores the result in list and returns it. Of several equal occurrences of an element in list, delete-dups keeps the first one.

See also the function add-to-list, in List Variables, for a way to add an element to a list stored in a variable and used as a set.