class Show a where Source

Conversion of values to readable Strings.

Derived instances of Show have the following properties, which are compatible with derived instances of Read:

• The result of show is a syntactically correct Haskell expression containing only constants, given the fixity declarations in force at the point where the type is declared. It contains only the constructor names defined in the data type, parentheses, and spaces. When labelled constructor fields are used, braces, commas, field names, and equal signs are also used.
• If the constructor is defined to be an infix operator, then showsPrec will produce infix applications of the constructor.
• the representation will be enclosed in parentheses if the precedence of the top-level constructor in x is less than d (associativity is ignored). Thus, if d is 0 then the result is never surrounded in parentheses; if d is 11 it is always surrounded in parentheses, unless it is an atomic expression.
• If the constructor is defined using record syntax, then show will produce the record-syntax form, with the fields given in the same order as the original declaration.

For example, given the declarations

infixr 5 :^:
data Tree a =  Leaf a  |  Tree a :^: Tree a

the derived instance of Show is equivalent to

instance (Show a) => Show (Tree a) where

       showsPrec d (Leaf m) = showParen (d > app_prec) $
            showString "Leaf " . showsPrec (app_prec+1) m
         where app_prec = 10

       showsPrec d (u :^: v) = showParen (d > up_prec) $
            showsPrec (up_prec+1) u .
            showString " :^: "      .
            showsPrec (up_prec+1) v
         where up_prec = 5

Note that right-associativity of :^: is ignored. For example,

• show (Leaf 1 :^: Leaf 2 :^: Leaf 3) produces the string "Leaf 1 :^: (Leaf 2 :^: Leaf 3)".

showsPrec d x r ++ s  ==  showsPrec d x (r ++ s)

type ShowS = String -> String Source

The shows functions return a function that prepends the output String to an existing String. This allows constant-time concatenation of results using function composition.

shows :: Show a => a -> ShowS Source

equivalent to showsPrec with a precedence of 0.

showChar :: Char -> ShowS Source

utility function converting a Char to a show function that simply prepends the character unchanged.

showString :: String -> ShowS Source

utility function converting a String to a show function that simply prepends the string unchanged.

showMultiLineString :: String -> [String] Source

Like showLitString (expand escape characters using Haskell escape conventions), but * break the string into multiple lines * wrap the entire thing in double quotes Example: showMultiLineString "hellongoodbyenblah" returns [""hello\n\", "\goodbyen\", "\blah""]

showParen :: Bool -> ShowS -> ShowS Source

utility function that surrounds the inner show function with parentheses when the Bool parameter is True.

showList__ :: (a -> ShowS) -> [a] -> ShowS Source

showCommaSpace :: ShowS Source

showSpace :: ShowS Source

showLitChar :: Char -> ShowS Source

Convert a character to a string using only printable characters, using Haskell source-language escape conventions. For example:

showLitChar '\n' s  =  "\\n" ++ s

showLitString :: String -> ShowS Source

Same as showLitChar, but for strings It converts the string to a string using Haskell escape conventions for non-printable characters. Does not add double-quotes around the whole thing; the caller should do that. The main difference from showLitChar (apart from the fact that the argument is a string not a list) is that we must escape double-quotes

protectEsc :: (Char -> Bool) -> ShowS -> ShowS Source

intToDigit :: Int -> Char Source

Convert an Int in the range 0..15 to the corresponding single digit Char. This function fails on other inputs, and generates lower-case hexadecimal digits.

showSignedInt :: Int -> Int -> ShowS Source

appPrec :: Int Source

appPrec1 :: Int Source

asciiTab :: [String] Source