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Expect-CT

Expect-CT

Deprecated: This feature is no longer recommended. Though some browsers might still support it, it may have already been removed from the relevant web standards, may be in the process of being dropped, or may only be kept for compatibility purposes. Avoid using it, and update existing code if possible; see the compatibility table at the bottom of this page to guide your decision. Be aware that this feature may cease to work at any time.

The Expect-CT header lets sites opt in to reporting and/or enforcement of Certificate Transparency requirements. Certificate Transparency (CT) aims to prevent the use of misissued certificates for that site from going unnoticed.

Only Google Chrome and other Chromium-based browsers implemented Expect-CT, and Chromium has deprecated the header from version 107, because Chromium now enforces CT by default. See the Chrome Platform Status update.

CT requirements can be satisfied via any one of the following mechanisms:

  • X.509v3 certificate extension to allow embedding of signed certificate timestamps issued by individual logs. Most TLS certificates issued by publicly-trusted CAs and used online contain embedded CT.
  • A TLS extension of type signed_certificate_timestamp sent during the handshake
  • Supporting OCSP stapling (that is, the status_request TLS extension) and providing a SignedCertificateTimestampList

Note: When a site enables the Expect-CT header, they are requesting that the browser check that any certificate for that site appears in public CT logs.

Note: Browsers ignore the Expect-CT header over HTTP; the header only has effect on HTTPS connections.

Note: The Expect-CT is mostly obsolete since June 2021. Since May 2018, all new TLS certificates are expected to support SCTs by default. Certificates issued before March 2018 were allowed to have a lifetime of 39 months, so they had expired in June 2021. Chromium plans to deprecate Expect-CT header and to eventually remove it.

Header type Response header
Forbidden header name yes

Syntax

Expect-CT: report-uri="<uri>",
           enforce,
           max-age=<age>

Directives

max-age

The number of seconds after reception of the Expect-CT header field during which the user agent should regard the host of the received message as a known Expect-CT host.

If a cache receives a value greater than it can represent, or if any of its subsequent calculations overflows, the cache will consider this value to be either 2,147,483,648 (2^31) or the greatest positive integer it can represent.

report-uri="<uri>" Optional

The URI where the user agent should report Expect-CT failures.

When present with the enforce directive, the configuration is referred to as an "enforce-and-report" configuration, signalling to the user agent both that compliance to the Certificate Transparency policy should be enforced and that violations should be reported.

enforce Optional

Signals to the user agent that compliance with the Certificate Transparency policy should be enforced (rather than only reporting compliance) and that the user agent should refuse future connections that violate its Certificate Transparency policy.

When both the enforce directive and the report-uri directive are present, the configuration is referred to as an "enforce-and-report" configuration, signalling to the user agent both that compliance to the Certificate Transparency policy should be enforced and that violations should be reported.

Example

The following example specifies enforcement of Certificate Transparency for 24 hours and reports violations to foo.example.com.

Expect-CT: max-age=86400, enforce, report-uri="https://foo.example.com/report"

Notes

Root CAs manually added to the trust store override and suppress Expect-CT reports/enforcement.

Browsers will not remember an Expect-CT policy, unless the site has 'proven' it can serve a certificate satisfying the certificate transparency requirements. Browsers implement their own trust model regarding which CT logs are considered trusted for the certificate to have been logged to.

Builds of Chrome are designed to stop enforcing the Expect-CT policy 10 weeks after the installation's build date.

Specifications

Specification
Expect-CT
# section-2.1

Browser compatibility

Desktop Mobile
Chrome Edge Firefox Internet Explorer Opera Safari WebView Android Chrome Android Firefox for Android Opera Android Safari on IOS Samsung Internet
Expect-CT
61
Before later builds of Chrome 64, invalid Expect-CT reports would be sent. Newer versions do not send reports after 10 weeks from the build date. See bug 786563.
≤79
No
No
48
No
No
61
No
45
No
8.0

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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Expect-CT