pyplot |
matplotlib.pyplot is a state-based interface to matplotlib. |
matplotlib.pyplot.plotting()
[source]
Function | Description |
---|---|
acorr | Plot the autocorrelation of x. |
angle_spectrum | Plot the angle spectrum. |
annotate | Annotate the point xy with text text. |
arrow | Add an arrow to the axes. |
autoscale | Autoscale the axis view to the data (toggle). |
axes | Add an axes to the current figure and make it the current axes. |
axhline | Add a horizontal line across the axis. |
axhspan | Add a horizontal span (rectangle) across the axis. |
axis | Convenience method to get or set some axis properties. |
axvline | Add a vertical line across the axes. |
axvspan | Add a vertical span (rectangle) across the axes. |
bar | Make a bar plot. |
barbs | Plot a 2D field of barbs. |
barh | Make a horizontal bar plot. |
box | Turn the axes box on or off on the current axes. |
boxplot | Make a box and whisker plot. |
broken_barh | Plot a horizontal sequence of rectangles. |
cla | Clear the current axes. |
clabel | Label a contour plot. |
clf | Clear the current figure. |
clim | Set the color limits of the current image. |
close | Close a figure window. |
cohere | Plot the coherence between x and y. |
colorbar | Add a colorbar to a plot. |
contour | Plot contours. |
contourf | Plot contours. |
csd | Plot the cross-spectral density. |
delaxes | Remove the Axes ax (defaulting to the current axes) from its figure. |
draw | Redraw the current figure. |
errorbar | Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers with attached errorbars. |
eventplot | Plot identical parallel lines at the given positions. |
figimage | Add a non-resampled image to the figure. |
figlegend | Place a legend on the figure. |
fignum_exists | Return whether the figure with the given id exists. |
figtext | Add text to figure. |
figure | Create a new figure. |
fill | Plot filled polygons. |
fill_between | Fill the area between two horizontal curves. |
fill_betweenx | Fill the area between two vertical curves. |
findobj | Find artist objects. |
gca | Get the current Axes instance on the current figure matching the given keyword args, or create one. |
gcf | Get the current figure. |
gci | Get the current colorable artist. |
get_figlabels | Return a list of existing figure labels. |
get_fignums | Return a list of existing figure numbers. |
grid | Configure the grid lines. |
hexbin | Make a hexagonal binning plot. |
hist | Plot a histogram. |
hist2d | Make a 2D histogram plot. |
hlines | Plot horizontal lines at each y from xmin to xmax. |
imread | Read an image from a file into an array. |
imsave | Save an array as an image file. |
imshow | Display an image, i.e. |
install_repl_displayhook | Install a repl display hook so that any stale figure are automatically redrawn when control is returned to the repl. |
ioff | Turn the interactive mode off. |
ion | Turn the interactive mode on. |
isinteractive | Return the status of interactive mode. |
legend | Place a legend on the axes. |
locator_params | Control behavior of major tick locators. |
loglog | Make a plot with log scaling on both the x and y axis. |
magnitude_spectrum | Plot the magnitude spectrum. |
margins | Set or retrieve autoscaling margins. |
matshow | Display an array as a matrix in a new figure window. |
minorticks_off | Remove minor ticks from the axes. |
minorticks_on | Display minor ticks on the axes. |
pause | Pause for interval seconds. |
pcolor | Create a pseudocolor plot with a non-regular rectangular grid. |
pcolormesh | Create a pseudocolor plot with a non-regular rectangular grid. |
phase_spectrum | Plot the phase spectrum. |
pie | Plot a pie chart. |
plot | Plot y versus x as lines and/or markers. |
plot_date | Plot data that contains dates. |
plotfile | Plot the data in a file. |
polar | Make a polar plot. |
psd | Plot the power spectral density. |
quiver | Plot a 2D field of arrows. |
quiverkey | Add a key to a quiver plot. |
rc | Set the current rc params. |
rc_context | Return a context manager for managing rc settings. |
rcdefaults | Restore the rc params from Matplotlib's internal default style. |
rgrids | Get or set the radial gridlines on the current polar plot. |
savefig | Save the current figure. |
sca | Set the current Axes instance to ax. |
scatter | A scatter plot of y vs x with varying marker size and/or color. |
sci | Set the current image. |
semilogx | Make a plot with log scaling on the x axis. |
semilogy | Make a plot with log scaling on the y axis. |
set_cmap | Set the default colormap. |
setp | Set a property on an artist object. |
show | Display a figure. |
specgram | Plot a spectrogram. |
spy | Plot the sparsity pattern of a 2D array. |
stackplot | Draw a stacked area plot. |
stem | Create a stem plot. |
step | Make a step plot. |
streamplot | Draw streamlines of a vector flow. |
subplot | Add a subplot to the current figure. |
subplot2grid | Create an axis at specific location inside a regular grid. |
subplot_tool | Launch a subplot tool window for a figure. |
subplots | Create a figure and a set of subplots. |
subplots_adjust | Tune the subplot layout. |
suptitle | Add a centered title to the figure. |
switch_backend | Close all open figures and set the Matplotlib backend. |
table | Add a table to an Axes . |
text | Add text to the axes. |
thetagrids | Get or set the theta gridlines on the current polar plot. |
tick_params | Change the appearance of ticks, tick labels, and gridlines. |
ticklabel_format | Change the ScalarFormatter used by default for linear axes. |
tight_layout | Automatically adjust subplot parameters to give specified padding. |
title | Set a title for the axes. |
tricontour | Draw contours on an unstructured triangular grid. |
tricontourf | Draw contours on an unstructured triangular grid. |
tripcolor | Create a pseudocolor plot of an unstructured triangular grid. |
triplot | Draw a unstructured triangular grid as lines and/or markers. |
twinx | Make and return a second axes that shares the x-axis. |
twiny | Make and return a second axes that shares the y-axis. |
uninstall_repl_displayhook | Uninstall the matplotlib display hook. |
violinplot | Make a violin plot. |
vlines | Plot vertical lines. |
xcorr | Plot the cross correlation between x and y. |
xkcd | Turn on xkcd sketch-style drawing mode. |
xlabel | Set the label for the x-axis. |
xlim | Get or set the x limits of the current axes. |
xscale | Set the x-axis scale. |
xticks | Get or set the current tick locations and labels of the x-axis. |
ylabel | Set the label for the y-axis. |
ylim | Get or set the y-limits of the current axes. |
yscale | Set the y-axis scale. |
yticks | Get or set the current tick locations and labels of the y-axis. |
There are many colormaps you can use to map data onto color values. Below we list several ways in which color can be utilized in Matplotlib.
For a more in-depth look at colormaps, see the Choosing Colormaps in Matplotlib tutorial.
matplotlib.pyplot.colormaps()
[source]
Matplotlib provides a number of colormaps, and others can be added using register_cmap()
. This function documents the built-in colormaps, and will also return a list of all registered colormaps if called.
You can set the colormap for an image, pcolor, scatter, etc, using a keyword argument:
imshow(X, cmap=cm.hot)
or using the set_cmap()
function:
imshow(X) pyplot.set_cmap('hot') pyplot.set_cmap('jet')
In interactive mode, set_cmap()
will update the colormap post-hoc, allowing you to see which one works best for your data.
All built-in colormaps can be reversed by appending _r
: For instance, gray_r
is the reverse of gray
.
There are several common color schemes used in visualization:
Matplotlib ships with 4 perceptually uniform color maps which are the recommended color maps for sequential data:
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
inferno | perceptually uniform shades of black-red-yellow |
magma | perceptually uniform shades of black-red-white |
plasma | perceptually uniform shades of blue-red-yellow |
viridis | perceptually uniform shades of blue-green-yellow |
The following colormaps are based on the ColorBrewer color specifications and designs developed by Cynthia Brewer:
ColorBrewer Diverging (luminance is highest at the midpoint, and decreases towards differently-colored endpoints):
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
BrBG | brown, white, blue-green |
PiYG | pink, white, yellow-green |
PRGn | purple, white, green |
PuOr | orange, white, purple |
RdBu | red, white, blue |
RdGy | red, white, gray |
RdYlBu | red, yellow, blue |
RdYlGn | red, yellow, green |
Spectral | red, orange, yellow, green, blue |
ColorBrewer Sequential (luminance decreases monotonically):
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
Blues | white to dark blue |
BuGn | white, light blue, dark green |
BuPu | white, light blue, dark purple |
GnBu | white, light green, dark blue |
Greens | white to dark green |
Greys | white to black (not linear) |
Oranges | white, orange, dark brown |
OrRd | white, orange, dark red |
PuBu | white, light purple, dark blue |
PuBuGn | white, light purple, dark green |
PuRd | white, light purple, dark red |
Purples | white to dark purple |
RdPu | white, pink, dark purple |
Reds | white to dark red |
YlGn | light yellow, dark green |
YlGnBu | light yellow, light green, dark blue |
YlOrBr | light yellow, orange, dark brown |
YlOrRd | light yellow, orange, dark red |
ColorBrewer Qualitative:
(For plotting nominal data, ListedColormap
is used, not LinearSegmentedColormap
. Different sets of colors are recommended for different numbers of categories.)
A set of colormaps derived from those of the same name provided with Matlab are also included:
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
autumn | sequential linearly-increasing shades of red-orange-yellow |
bone | sequential increasing black-white color map with a tinge of blue, to emulate X-ray film |
cool | linearly-decreasing shades of cyan-magenta |
copper | sequential increasing shades of black-copper |
flag | repetitive red-white-blue-black pattern (not cyclic at endpoints) |
gray | sequential linearly-increasing black-to-white grayscale |
hot | sequential black-red-yellow-white, to emulate blackbody radiation from an object at increasing temperatures |
jet | a spectral map with dark endpoints, blue-cyan-yellow-red; based on a fluid-jet simulation by NCSA [1] |
pink | sequential increasing pastel black-pink-white, meant for sepia tone colorization of photographs |
prism | repetitive red-yellow-green-blue-purple-...-green pattern (not cyclic at endpoints) |
spring | linearly-increasing shades of magenta-yellow |
summer | sequential linearly-increasing shades of green-yellow |
winter | linearly-increasing shades of blue-green |
A set of palettes from the Yorick scientific visualisation package, an evolution of the GIST package, both by David H. Munro are included:
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
gist_earth | mapmaker's colors from dark blue deep ocean to green lowlands to brown highlands to white mountains |
gist_heat | sequential increasing black-red-orange-white, to emulate blackbody radiation from an iron bar as it grows hotter |
gist_ncar | pseudo-spectral black-blue-green-yellow-red-purple-white colormap from National Center for Atmospheric Research [2] |
gist_rainbow | runs through the colors in spectral order from red to violet at full saturation (like hsv but not cyclic) |
gist_stern | "Stern special" color table from Interactive Data Language software |
A set of cyclic color maps:
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
hsv | red-yellow-green-cyan-blue-magenta-red, formed by changing the hue component in the HSV color space |
twilight | perceptually uniform shades of white-blue-black-red-white |
twilight_shifted | perceptually uniform shades of black-blue-white-red-black |
Other miscellaneous schemes:
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
afmhot | sequential black-orange-yellow-white blackbody spectrum, commonly used in atomic force microscopy |
brg | blue-red-green |
bwr | diverging blue-white-red |
coolwarm | diverging blue-gray-red, meant to avoid issues with 3D shading, color blindness, and ordering of colors [3] |
CMRmap | "Default colormaps on color images often reproduce to confusing grayscale images. The proposed colormap maintains an aesthetically pleasing color image that automatically reproduces to a monotonic grayscale with discrete, quantifiable saturation levels." [4] |
cubehelix | Unlike most other color schemes cubehelix was designed by D.A. Green to be monotonically increasing in terms of perceived brightness. Also, when printed on a black and white postscript printer, the scheme results in a greyscale with monotonically increasing brightness. This color scheme is named cubehelix because the r,g,b values produced can be visualised as a squashed helix around the diagonal in the r,g,b color cube. |
gnuplot | gnuplot's traditional pm3d scheme (black-blue-red-yellow) |
gnuplot2 | sequential color printable as gray (black-blue-violet-yellow-white) |
ocean | green-blue-white |
rainbow | spectral purple-blue-green-yellow-orange-red colormap with diverging luminance |
seismic | diverging blue-white-red |
nipy_spectral | black-purple-blue-green-yellow-red-white spectrum, originally from the Neuroimaging in Python project |
terrain | mapmaker's colors, blue-green-yellow-brown-white, originally from IGOR Pro |
The following colormaps are redundant and may be removed in future versions. It's recommended to use the names in the descriptions instead, which produce identical output:
Colormap | Description |
---|---|
gist_gray | identical to gray |
gist_yarg | identical to gray_r |
binary | identical to gray_r |
[1] | Rainbow colormaps, jet in particular, are considered a poor choice for scientific visualization by many researchers: Rainbow Color Map (Still) Considered Harmful
|
[2] | Resembles "BkBlAqGrYeOrReViWh200" from NCAR Command Language. See Color Table Gallery |
[3] | See Diverging Color Maps for Scientific Visualization by Kenneth Moreland. |
[4] | See A Color Map for Effective Black-and-White Rendering of Color-Scale Images by Carey Rappaport |
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Licensed under the Matplotlib License Agreement.
https://matplotlib.org/3.1.1/api/pyplot_summary.html