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/OpenJDK 25

Class ForkJoinPool

java.lang.Object
java.util.concurrent.AbstractExecutorService
java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool
All Implemented Interfaces:
AutoCloseable, Executor, ExecutorService, ScheduledExecutorService
public class ForkJoinPool extends AbstractExecutorService implements ScheduledExecutorService
An ExecutorService for running ForkJoinTasks. A ForkJoinPool provides the entry point for submissions from non-ForkJoinTask clients, as well as management and monitoring operations.

A ForkJoinPool differs from other kinds of ExecutorService mainly by virtue of employing work-stealing: all threads in the pool attempt to find and execute tasks submitted to the pool and/or created by other active tasks (eventually blocking waiting for work if none exist). This enables efficient processing when most tasks spawn other subtasks (as do most ForkJoinTasks), as well as when many small tasks are submitted to the pool from external clients. Especially when setting asyncMode to true in constructors, ForkJoinPools may also be appropriate for use with event-style tasks that are never joined. All worker threads are initialized with Thread.isDaemon() set true.

A static commonPool() is available and appropriate for most applications. The common pool is used by any ForkJoinTask that is not explicitly submitted to a specified pool. Using the common pool normally reduces resource usage (its threads are slowly reclaimed during periods of non-use, and reinstated upon subsequent use).

For applications that require separate or custom pools, a ForkJoinPool may be constructed with a given target parallelism level; by default, equal to the number of available processors. The pool attempts to maintain enough active (or available) threads by dynamically adding, suspending, or resuming internal worker threads, even if some tasks are stalled waiting to join others. However, no such adjustments are guaranteed in the face of blocked I/O or other unmanaged synchronization. The nested ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker interface enables extension of the kinds of synchronization accommodated. The default policies may be overridden using a constructor with parameters corresponding to those documented in class ThreadPoolExecutor.

In addition to execution and lifecycle control methods, this class provides status check methods (for example getStealCount()) that are intended to aid in developing, tuning, and monitoring fork/join applications. Also, method toString() returns indications of pool state in a convenient form for informal monitoring.

As is the case with other ExecutorServices, there are three main task execution methods summarized in the following table. These are designed to be used primarily by clients not already engaged in fork/join computations in the current pool. The main forms of these methods accept instances of ForkJoinTask, but overloaded forms also allow mixed execution of plain Runnable- or Callable- based activities as well. However, tasks that are already executing in a pool should normally instead use the within-computation forms listed in the table unless using async event-style tasks that are not usually joined, in which case there is little difference among choice of methods.

Summary of task execution methods
Call from non-fork/join clients Call from within fork/join computations
Arrange async execution execute(ForkJoinTask) ForkJoinTask.fork()
Await and obtain result invoke(ForkJoinTask) ForkJoinTask.invoke()
Arrange exec and obtain Future submit(ForkJoinTask) ForkJoinTask.fork() (ForkJoinTasks are Futures)

Additionally, this class supports ScheduledExecutorService methods to delay or periodically execute tasks, as well as method submitWithTimeout(Callable, long, TimeUnit, Consumer) to cancel tasks that take too long. The scheduled functions or actions may create and invoke other ForkJoinTasks. Delayed actions become enabled and behave as ordinary submitted tasks when their delays elapse. Scheduling methods return ForkJoinTasks that implement the ScheduledFuture interface. Resource exhaustion encountered after initial submission results in task cancellation. When time-based methods are used, shutdown policies match the default policies of class ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor: upon shutdown(), existing periodic tasks will not re-execute, and the pool terminates when quiescent and existing delayed tasks complete. Method cancelDelayedTasksOnShutdown() may be used to disable all delayed tasks upon shutdown, and method shutdownNow() may be used to instead unconditionally initiate pool termination. Monitoring methods such as getQueuedTaskCount() do not include scheduled tasks that are not yet enabled to execute, which are reported separately by method getDelayedTaskCount().

The parameters used to construct the common pool may be controlled by setting the following system properties:

  • java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.parallelism - the parallelism level, a non-negative integer. Usage is discouraged. Use setParallelism(int) instead.
  • java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.threadFactory - the class name of a ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory. The system class loader is used to load this class.
  • java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.exceptionHandler - the class name of a Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler. The system class loader is used to load this class.
  • java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.maximumSpares - the maximum number of allowed extra threads to maintain target parallelism (default 256).
If no thread factory is supplied via a system property, then the common pool uses a factory that uses the system class loader as the thread context class loader. Upon any error in establishing these settings, default parameters are used. It is possible to disable use of threads by using a factory that may return null, in which case some tasks may never execute. While possible, it is strongly discouraged to set the parallelism property to zero, which may be internally overridden in the presence of intrinsically async tasks.
Implementation Note:
This implementation restricts the maximum number of running threads to 32767. Attempts to create pools with greater than the maximum number result in IllegalArgumentException. Also, this implementation rejects submitted tasks (that is, by throwing RejectedExecutionException) only when the pool is shut down or internal resources have been exhausted.
Since:
1.7

Nested Class Summary

Modifier and Type Class Description
static interface  ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
Factory for creating new ForkJoinWorkerThreads.
static interface  ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker
Interface for extending managed parallelism for tasks running in ForkJoinPools.

Field Summary

Modifier and Type Field Description
static final ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
Creates a new ForkJoinWorkerThread.

Constructor Summary

Constructor Description
ForkJoinPool()
Creates a ForkJoinPool with parallelism equal to Runtime.availableProcessors(), using defaults for all other parameters (see ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)).
ForkJoinPool(int parallelism)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the indicated parallelism level, using defaults for all other parameters (see ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)).
ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parameters (using defaults for others -- see ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)).
ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode, int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, int minimumRunnable, Predicate<? super ForkJoinPool> saturate, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parameters.

Method Summary

Modifier and Type Method Description
boolean awaitQuiescence(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
If called by a ForkJoinTask operating in this pool, equivalent in effect to ForkJoinTask.helpQuiesce().
boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown request, or the timeout occurs, or the current thread is interrupted, whichever happens first.
void cancelDelayedTasksOnShutdown()
Arranges that scheduled tasks that are not executing and have not already been enabled for execution will not be executed and will be cancelled upon shutdown() (unless this pool is the commonPool() which never shuts down).
void close()
Unless this is the commonPool(), initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted, and waits until all tasks have completed execution and the executor has terminated.
static ForkJoinPool commonPool()
Returns the common pool instance.
protected int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c)
Removes all available unexecuted submitted and forked tasks from scheduling queues and adds them to the given collection, without altering their execution status.
void execute(Runnable task)
Executes the given command at some time in the future.
void execute(ForkJoinTask<?> task)
Arranges for (asynchronous) execution of the given task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> externalSubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits the given task as if submitted from a non-ForkJoinTask client.
int getActiveThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently stealing or executing tasks.
boolean getAsyncMode()
Returns true if this pool uses local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined.
static int getCommonPoolParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of the common pool.
long getDelayedTaskCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of delayed (including periodic) tasks scheduled in this pool that are not yet ready to submit for execution.
ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory getFactory()
Returns the factory used for constructing new workers.
int getParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of this pool.
int getPoolSize()
Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not yet terminated.
int getQueuedSubmissionCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing.
long getQueuedTaskCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of tasks currently held in queues by worker threads (but not including tasks submitted to the pool that have not begun executing).
int getRunningThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are not blocked waiting to join tasks or for other managed synchronization.
long getStealCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of completed tasks that were executed by a thread other than their submitter.
Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler()
Returns the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
boolean hasQueuedSubmissions()
Returns true if there are any tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing.
<T> T invoke(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Performs the given task, returning its result upon completion.
<T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete.
<T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete or the timeout expires, whichever happens first.
<T> List<Future<T>> invokeAllUninterruptibly(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
Uninterrupible version of invokeAll.
<T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
Executes the given tasks, returning the result of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing an exception), if any do.
<T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
Executes the given tasks, returning the result of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing an exception), if any do before the given timeout elapses.
boolean isQuiescent()
Returns true if all worker threads are currently idle.
boolean isShutdown()
Returns true if this pool has been shut down.
boolean isTerminated()
Returns true if all tasks have completed following shut down.
boolean isTerminating()
Returns true if the process of termination has commenced but not yet completed.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> lazySubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits the given task without guaranteeing that it will eventually execute in the absence of available active threads.
static void managedBlock(ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker blocker)
Runs the given possibly blocking task.
protected ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission()
Removes and returns the next unexecuted submission if one is available.
ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a one-shot task that becomes enabled after the given delay.
<V> ScheduledFuture<V> schedule(Callable<V> callable, long delay, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a value-returning one-shot task that becomes enabled after the given delay.
ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a periodic action that becomes enabled first after the given initial delay, and subsequently with the given period; that is, executions will commence after initialDelay, then initialDelay + period, then initialDelay + 2 * period, and so on.
ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long delay, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a periodic action that becomes enabled first after the given initial delay, and subsequently with the given delay between the termination of one execution and the commencement of the next.
int setParallelism(int size)
Changes the target parallelism of this pool, controlling the future creation, use, and termination of worker threads.
void shutdown()
Possibly initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted.
List<Runnable> shutdownNow()
Possibly attempts to cancel and/or stop all tasks, and reject all subsequently submitted tasks.
ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task)
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Runnable task, T result)
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Callable<T> task)
Submits a value-returning task for execution and returns a Future representing the pending results of the task.
<T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
<V> ForkJoinTask<V> submitWithTimeout(Callable<V> callable, long timeout, TimeUnit unit, Consumer<? super ForkJoinTask<V>> timeoutAction)
Submits a task executing the given function, cancelling the task or performing a given timeoutAction if not completed within the given timeout period.
String toString()
Returns a string identifying this pool, as well as its state, including indications of run state, parallelism level, and worker and task counts.

Methods declared in class AbstractExecutorService

invokeAll, invokeAll, invokeAny, invokeAny, newTaskFor, newTaskFor

Methods declared in class Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Details

defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory

public static final ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory
Creates a new ForkJoinWorkerThread. This factory is used unless overridden in ForkJoinPool constructors.

Constructor Details

ForkJoinPool

public ForkJoinPool()
Creates a ForkJoinPool with parallelism equal to Runtime.availableProcessors(), using defaults for all other parameters (see ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)).

ForkJoinPool

public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the indicated parallelism level, using defaults for all other parameters (see ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)).
Parameters:
parallelism - the parallelism level
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism less than or equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit

ForkJoinPool

public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parameters (using defaults for others -- see ForkJoinPool(int, ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory, UncaughtExceptionHandler, boolean, int, int, int, Predicate, long, TimeUnit)).
Parameters:
parallelism - the parallelism level. For default value, use Runtime.availableProcessors().
factory - the factory for creating new threads. For default value, use defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory.
handler - the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks. For default value, use null.
asyncMode - if true, establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks. For default value, use false.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism less than or equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
NullPointerException - if the factory is null

ForkJoinPool

public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism, ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory, Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler handler, boolean asyncMode, int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, int minimumRunnable, Predicate<? super ForkJoinPool> saturate, long keepAliveTime, TimeUnit unit)
Creates a ForkJoinPool with the given parameters.
Parameters:
parallelism - the parallelism level. For default value, use Runtime.availableProcessors().
factory - the factory for creating new threads. For default value, use defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory.
handler - the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks. For default value, use null.
asyncMode - if true, establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks. For default value, use false.
corePoolSize - ignored: used in previous releases of this class but no longer applicable. Using 0 maintains compatibility across releases.
maximumPoolSize - the maximum number of threads allowed. When the maximum is reached, attempts to replace blocked threads fail. (However, because creation and termination of different threads may overlap, and may be managed by the given thread factory, this value may be transiently exceeded.) To arrange the same value as is used by default for the common pool, use 256 plus the parallelism level. (By default, the common pool allows a maximum of 256 spare threads.) Using a value (for example Integer.MAX_VALUE) larger than the implementation's total thread limit has the same effect as using this limit (which is the default).
minimumRunnable - the minimum allowed number of core threads not blocked by a join or ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker. To ensure progress, when too few unblocked threads exist and unexecuted tasks may exist, new threads are constructed, up to the given maximumPoolSize. For the default value, use 1, that ensures liveness. A larger value might improve throughput in the presence of blocked activities, but might not, due to increased overhead. A value of zero may be acceptable when submitted tasks cannot have dependencies requiring additional threads.
saturate - if non-null, a predicate invoked upon attempts to create more than the maximum total allowed threads. By default, when a thread is about to block on a join or ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker, but cannot be replaced because the maximumPoolSize would be exceeded, a RejectedExecutionException is thrown. But if this predicate returns true, then no exception is thrown, so the pool continues to operate with fewer than the target number of runnable threads, which might not ensure progress.
keepAliveTime - the elapsed time since last use before a thread is terminated (and then later replaced if needed). For the default value, use 60, TimeUnit.SECONDS.
unit - the time unit for the keepAliveTime argument
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if parallelism is less than or equal to zero, or is greater than implementation limit, or if maximumPoolSize is less than parallelism, of if the keepAliveTime is less than or equal to zero.
NullPointerException - if the factory is null
Since:
9

Method Details

commonPool

public static ForkJoinPool commonPool()
Returns the common pool instance. This pool is statically constructed; its run state is unaffected by attempts to shutdown() or shutdownNow(). However this pool and any ongoing processing are automatically terminated upon program System.exit(int). Any program that relies on asynchronous task processing to complete before program termination should invoke commonPool().awaitQuiescence, before exit.
Returns:
the common pool instance
Since:
1.8

invoke

public <T> T invoke(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Performs the given task, returning its result upon completion. If the computation encounters an unchecked Exception or Error, it is rethrown as the outcome of this invocation. Rethrown exceptions behave in the same way as regular exceptions, but, when possible, contain stack traces (as displayed for example using ex.printStackTrace()) of both the current thread as well as the thread actually encountering the exception; minimally only the latter.
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the task's result
Parameters:
task - the task
Returns:
the task's result
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

execute

public void execute(ForkJoinTask<?> task)
Arranges for (asynchronous) execution of the given task.
Parameters:
task - the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

execute

public void execute(Runnable task)
Description copied from interface: Executor
Executes the given command at some time in the future. The command may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling thread, at the discretion of the Executor implementation.
Specified by:
execute in interface Executor
Parameters:
task - the runnable task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

submit

public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits a ForkJoinTask for execution.
Implementation Requirements:
This method is equivalent to externalSubmit(ForkJoinTask) when called from a thread that is not in this pool.
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the task's result
Parameters:
task - the task to submit
Returns:
the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

submit

public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Callable<T> task)
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Submits a value-returning task for execution and returns a Future representing the pending results of the task. The Future's get method will return the task's result upon successful completion.

If you would like to immediately block waiting for a task, you can use constructions of the form result = exec.submit(aCallable).get();

Note: The Executors class includes a set of methods that can convert some other common closure-like objects, for example, PrivilegedAction to Callable form so they can be submitted.

Specified by:
submit in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
submit in class AbstractExecutorService
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the task's result
Parameters:
task - the task to submit
Returns:
a Future representing pending completion of the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

submit

public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> submit(Runnable task, T result)
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task. The Future's get method will return the given result upon successful completion.
Specified by:
submit in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
submit in class AbstractExecutorService
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the result
Parameters:
task - the task to submit
result - the result to return
Returns:
a Future representing pending completion of the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

submit

public ForkJoinTask<?> submit(Runnable task)
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future representing that task. The Future's get method will return null upon successful completion.
Specified by:
submit in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
submit in class AbstractExecutorService
Parameters:
task - the task to submit
Returns:
a Future representing pending completion of the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution

externalSubmit

public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> externalSubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits the given task as if submitted from a non-ForkJoinTask client. The task is added to a scheduling queue for submissions to the pool even when called from a thread in the pool.
Implementation Requirements:
This method is equivalent to submit(ForkJoinTask) when called from a thread that is not in this pool.
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the task's result
Parameters:
task - the task to submit
Returns:
the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Since:
20

lazySubmit

public <T> ForkJoinTask<T> lazySubmit(ForkJoinTask<T> task)
Submits the given task without guaranteeing that it will eventually execute in the absence of available active threads. In some contexts, this method may reduce contention and overhead by relying on context-specific knowledge that existing threads (possibly including the calling thread if operating in this pool) will eventually be available to execute the task.
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the task's result
Parameters:
task - the task
Returns:
the task
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the task is null
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
Since:
19

setParallelism

public int setParallelism(int size)
Changes the target parallelism of this pool, controlling the future creation, use, and termination of worker threads. Applications include contexts in which the number of available processors changes over time.
Implementation Note:
This implementation restricts the maximum number of running threads to 32767
Parameters:
size - the target parallelism level
Returns:
the previous parallelism level.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if size is less than 1 or greater than the maximum supported by this pool.
UnsupportedOperationException - this is thecommonPool() and parallelism level was set by System property java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool.common.parallelism.
Since:
19

invokeAllUninterruptibly

public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAllUninterruptibly(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks)
Uninterrupible version of invokeAll. Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete, ignoring interrupts. Future.isDone() is true for each element of the returned list. Note that a completed task could have terminated either normally or by throwing an exception. The results of this method are undefined if the given collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
API Note:
This method supports usages that previously relied on an incompatible override of ExecutorService.invokeAll(java.util.Collection).
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the values returned from the tasks
Parameters:
tasks - the collection of tasks
Returns:
a list of Futures representing the tasks, in the same sequential order as produced by the iterator for the given task list, each of which has completed
Throws:
NullPointerException - if tasks or any of its elements are null
RejectedExecutionException - if any task cannot be scheduled for execution
Since:
22

invokeAll

public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) throws InterruptedException
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete. Future.isDone() is true for each element of the returned list. Note that a completed task could have terminated either normally or by throwing an exception. The results of this method are undefined if the given collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
Specified by:
invokeAll in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
invokeAll in class AbstractExecutorService
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the values returned from the tasks
Parameters:
tasks - the collection of tasks
Returns:
a list of Futures representing the tasks, in the same sequential order as produced by the iterator for the given task list, each of which has completed
Throws:
InterruptedException - if interrupted while waiting, in which case unfinished tasks are cancelled

invokeAll

public <T> List<Future<T>> invokeAll(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding their status and results when all complete or the timeout expires, whichever happens first. Future.isDone() is true for each element of the returned list. Upon return, tasks that have not completed are cancelled. Note that a completed task could have terminated either normally or by throwing an exception. The results of this method are undefined if the given collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
Specified by:
invokeAll in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
invokeAll in class AbstractExecutorService
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the values returned from the tasks
Parameters:
tasks - the collection of tasks
timeout - the maximum time to wait
unit - the time unit of the timeout argument
Returns:
a list of Futures representing the tasks, in the same sequential order as produced by the iterator for the given task list. If the operation did not time out, each task will have completed. If it did time out, some of these tasks will not have completed.
Throws:
InterruptedException - if interrupted while waiting, in which case unfinished tasks are cancelled

invokeAny

public <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Executes the given tasks, returning the result of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing an exception), if any do. Upon normal or exceptional return, tasks that have not completed are cancelled. The results of this method are undefined if the given collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
Specified by:
invokeAny in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
invokeAny in class AbstractExecutorService
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the values returned from the tasks
Parameters:
tasks - the collection of tasks
Returns:
the result returned by one of the tasks
Throws:
InterruptedException - if interrupted while waiting
ExecutionException - if no task successfully completes

invokeAny

public <T> T invokeAny(Collection<? extends Callable<T>> tasks, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException
Description copied from interface: ExecutorService
Executes the given tasks, returning the result of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing an exception), if any do before the given timeout elapses. Upon normal or exceptional return, tasks that have not completed are cancelled. The results of this method are undefined if the given collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
Specified by:
invokeAny in interface ExecutorService
Overrides:
invokeAny in class AbstractExecutorService
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the values returned from the tasks
Parameters:
tasks - the collection of tasks
timeout - the maximum time to wait
unit - the time unit of the timeout argument
Returns:
the result returned by one of the tasks
Throws:
InterruptedException - if interrupted while waiting
ExecutionException - if no task successfully completes
TimeoutException - if the given timeout elapses before any task successfully completes

schedule

public ScheduledFuture<?> schedule(Runnable command, long delay, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a one-shot task that becomes enabled after the given delay. At that point it will execute unless explicitly cancelled, or fail to execute (eventually reporting cancellation) when encountering resource exhaustion, or the pool is shutdownNow(), or is shutdown() when otherwise quiescent and cancelDelayedTasksOnShutdown() is in effect.
Specified by:
schedule in interface ScheduledExecutorService
Parameters:
command - the task to execute
delay - the time from now to delay execution
unit - the time unit of the delay parameter
Returns:
a ForkJoinTask implementing the ScheduledFuture interface, whose get() method will return null upon normal completion.
Throws:
RejectedExecutionException - if the pool is shutdown or submission encounters resource exhaustion.
NullPointerException - if command or unit is null
Since:
25

schedule

public <V> ScheduledFuture<V> schedule(Callable<V> callable, long delay, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a value-returning one-shot task that becomes enabled after the given delay. At that point it will execute unless explicitly cancelled, or fail to execute (eventually reporting cancellation) when encountering resource exhaustion, or the pool is shutdownNow(), or is shutdown() when otherwise quiescent and cancelDelayedTasksOnShutdown() is in effect.
Specified by:
schedule in interface ScheduledExecutorService
Type Parameters:
V - the type of the callable's result
Parameters:
callable - the function to execute
delay - the time from now to delay execution
unit - the time unit of the delay parameter
Returns:
a ForkJoinTask implementing the ScheduledFuture interface, whose get() method will return the value from the callable upon normal completion.
Throws:
RejectedExecutionException - if the pool is shutdown or submission encounters resource exhaustion.
NullPointerException - if command or unit is null
Since:
25

scheduleAtFixedRate

public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleAtFixedRate(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long period, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a periodic action that becomes enabled first after the given initial delay, and subsequently with the given period; that is, executions will commence after initialDelay, then initialDelay + period, then initialDelay + 2 * period, and so on.

The sequence of task executions continues indefinitely until one of the following exceptional completions occur:

  • The task is explicitly cancelled
  • Method shutdownNow() is called
  • Method shutdown() is called and the pool is otherwise quiescent, in which case existing executions continue but subsequent executions do not.
  • An execution or the task encounters resource exhaustion.
  • An execution of the task throws an exception. In this case calling get on the returned future will throw ExecutionException, holding the exception as its cause.
Subsequent executions are suppressed. Subsequent calls to isDone() on the returned future will return true.

If any execution of this task takes longer than its period, then subsequent executions may start late, but will not concurrently execute.

Specified by:
scheduleAtFixedRate in interface ScheduledExecutorService
Parameters:
command - the task to execute
initialDelay - the time to delay first execution
period - the period between successive executions
unit - the time unit of the initialDelay and period parameters
Returns:
a ForkJoinTask implementing the ScheduledFuture interface. The future's get() method will never return normally, and will throw an exception upon task cancellation or abnormal termination of a task execution.
Throws:
RejectedExecutionException - if the pool is shutdown or submission encounters resource exhaustion.
NullPointerException - if command or unit is null
IllegalArgumentException - if period less than or equal to zero
Since:
25

scheduleWithFixedDelay

public ScheduledFuture<?> scheduleWithFixedDelay(Runnable command, long initialDelay, long delay, TimeUnit unit)
Submits a periodic action that becomes enabled first after the given initial delay, and subsequently with the given delay between the termination of one execution and the commencement of the next.

The sequence of task executions continues indefinitely until one of the following exceptional completions occur:

  • The task is explicitly cancelled
  • Method shutdownNow() is called
  • Method shutdown() is called and the pool is otherwise quiescent, in which case existing executions continue but subsequent executions do not.
  • An execution or the task encounters resource exhaustion.
  • An execution of the task throws an exception. In this case calling get on the returned future will throw ExecutionException, holding the exception as its cause.
Subsequent executions are suppressed. Subsequent calls to isDone() on the returned future will return true.
Specified by:
scheduleWithFixedDelay in interface ScheduledExecutorService
Parameters:
command - the task to execute
initialDelay - the time to delay first execution
delay - the delay between the termination of one execution and the commencement of the next
unit - the time unit of the initialDelay and delay parameters
Returns:
a ForkJoinTask implementing the ScheduledFuture interface. The future's get() method will never return normally, and will throw an exception upon task cancellation or abnormal termination of a task execution.
Throws:
RejectedExecutionException - if the pool is shutdown or submission encounters resource exhaustion.
NullPointerException - if command or unit is null
IllegalArgumentException - if delay less than or equal to zero
Since:
25

submitWithTimeout

public <V> ForkJoinTask<V> submitWithTimeout(Callable<V> callable, long timeout, TimeUnit unit, Consumer<? super ForkJoinTask<V>> timeoutAction)
Submits a task executing the given function, cancelling the task or performing a given timeoutAction if not completed within the given timeout period. If the optional timeoutAction is null, the task is cancelled (via cancel(true). Otherwise, the action is applied and the task may be interrupted if running. Actions may include ForkJoinTask.complete(V) to set a replacement value or ForkJoinTask.completeExceptionally(Throwable) to throw an appropriate exception. Note that these can succeed only if the task has not already completed when the timeoutAction executes.
Type Parameters:
V - the type of the callable's result
Parameters:
callable - the function to execute
timeout - the time to wait before cancelling if not completed
unit - the time unit of the timeout parameter
timeoutAction - if nonnull, an action to perform on timeout, otherwise the default action is to cancel using cancel(true).
Returns:
a Future that can be used to extract result or cancel
Throws:
RejectedExecutionException - if the task cannot be scheduled for execution
NullPointerException - if callable or unit is null
Since:
25

cancelDelayedTasksOnShutdown

public void cancelDelayedTasksOnShutdown()
Arranges that scheduled tasks that are not executing and have not already been enabled for execution will not be executed and will be cancelled upon shutdown() (unless this pool is the commonPool() which never shuts down). This method may be invoked either before shutdown() to take effect upon the next call, or afterwards to cancel such tasks, which may then allow termination. Note that subsequent executions of periodic tasks are always disabled upon shutdown, so this method applies meaningfully only to non-periodic tasks.
Since:
25

getFactory

public ForkJoinPool.ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory getFactory()
Returns the factory used for constructing new workers.
Returns:
the factory used for constructing new workers

getUncaughtExceptionHandler

public Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler getUncaughtExceptionHandler()
Returns the handler for internal worker threads that terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing tasks.
Returns:
the handler, or null if none

getParallelism

public int getParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of this pool.
Returns:
the targeted parallelism level of this pool

getCommonPoolParallelism

public static int getCommonPoolParallelism()
Returns the targeted parallelism level of the common pool.
Returns:
the targeted parallelism level of the common pool
Since:
1.8

getPoolSize

public int getPoolSize()
Returns the number of worker threads that have started but not yet terminated. The result returned by this method may differ from getParallelism() when threads are created to maintain parallelism when others are cooperatively blocked.
Returns:
the number of worker threads

getAsyncMode

public boolean getAsyncMode()
Returns true if this pool uses local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked tasks that are never joined.
Returns:
true if this pool uses async mode

getRunningThreadCount

public int getRunningThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of worker threads that are not blocked waiting to join tasks or for other managed synchronization. This method may overestimate the number of running threads.
Returns:
the number of worker threads

getActiveThreadCount

public int getActiveThreadCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of threads that are currently stealing or executing tasks. This method may overestimate the number of active threads.
Returns:
the number of active threads

isQuiescent

public boolean isQuiescent()
Returns true if all worker threads are currently idle. An idle worker is one that cannot obtain a task to execute because none are available to steal from other threads, and there are no pending submissions to the pool. This method is conservative; it might not return true immediately upon idleness of all threads, but will eventually become true if threads remain inactive.
Returns:
true if all threads are currently idle

getStealCount

public long getStealCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of completed tasks that were executed by a thread other than their submitter. The reported value underestimates the actual total number of steals when the pool is not quiescent. This value may be useful for monitoring and tuning fork/join programs: in general, steal counts should be high enough to keep threads busy, but low enough to avoid overhead and contention across threads.
Returns:
the number of steals

getQueuedTaskCount

public long getQueuedTaskCount()
Returns an estimate of the total number of tasks currently held in queues by worker threads (but not including tasks submitted to the pool that have not begun executing). This value is only an approximation, obtained by iterating across all threads in the pool. This method may be useful for tuning task granularities.The returned count does not include scheduled tasks that are not yet ready to execute, which are reported separately by method getDelayedTaskCount().
Returns:
the number of queued tasks
See Also:

getQueuedSubmissionCount

public int getQueuedSubmissionCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing. This method may take time proportional to the number of submissions.
Returns:
the number of queued submissions

getDelayedTaskCount

public long getDelayedTaskCount()
Returns an estimate of the number of delayed (including periodic) tasks scheduled in this pool that are not yet ready to submit for execution. The returned value is inaccurate while delayed tasks are being processed.
Returns:
an estimate of the number of delayed tasks
Since:
25

hasQueuedSubmissions

public boolean hasQueuedSubmissions()
Returns true if there are any tasks submitted to this pool that have not yet begun executing.
Returns:
true if there are any queued submissions

pollSubmission

protected ForkJoinTask<?> pollSubmission()
Removes and returns the next unexecuted submission if one is available. This method may be useful in extensions to this class that re-assign work in systems with multiple pools.
Returns:
the next submission, or null if none

drainTasksTo

protected int drainTasksTo(Collection<? super ForkJoinTask<?>> c)
Removes all available unexecuted submitted and forked tasks from scheduling queues and adds them to the given collection, without altering their execution status. These may include artificially generated or wrapped tasks. This method is designed to be invoked only when the pool is known to be quiescent. Invocations at other times may not remove all tasks. A failure encountered while attempting to add elements to collection c may result in elements being in neither, either or both collections when the associated exception is thrown. The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation is in progress.
Parameters:
c - the collection to transfer elements into
Returns:
the number of elements transferred

toString

public String toString()
Returns a string identifying this pool, as well as its state, including indications of run state, parallelism level, and worker and task counts.
Overrides:
toString in class Object
Returns:
a string identifying this pool, as well as its state

shutdown

public void shutdown()
Possibly initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted. Invocation has no effect on execution state if this is the commonPool(), and no additional effect if already shut down. Tasks that are in the process of being submitted concurrently during the course of this method may or may not be rejected.
Specified by:
shutdown in interface ExecutorService

shutdownNow

public List<Runnable> shutdownNow()
Possibly attempts to cancel and/or stop all tasks, and reject all subsequently submitted tasks. Invocation has no effect on execution state if this is the commonPool(), and no additional effect if already shut down. Otherwise, tasks that are in the process of being submitted or executed concurrently during the course of this method may or may not be rejected. This method cancels both existing and unexecuted tasks, in order to permit termination in the presence of task dependencies. So the method always returns an empty list (unlike the case for some other Executors).
Specified by:
shutdownNow in interface ExecutorService
Returns:
an empty list

isTerminated

public boolean isTerminated()
Returns true if all tasks have completed following shut down.
Specified by:
isTerminated in interface ExecutorService
Returns:
true if all tasks have completed following shut down

isTerminating

public boolean isTerminating()
Returns true if the process of termination has commenced but not yet completed. This method may be useful for debugging. A return of true reported a sufficient period after shutdown may indicate that submitted tasks have ignored or suppressed interruption, or are waiting for I/O, causing this executor not to properly terminate. (See the advisory notes for class ForkJoinTask stating that tasks should not normally entail blocking operations. But if they do, they must abort them on interrupt.)
Returns:
true if terminating but not yet terminated

isShutdown

public boolean isShutdown()
Returns true if this pool has been shut down.
Specified by:
isShutdown in interface ExecutorService
Returns:
true if this pool has been shut down

awaitTermination

public boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException
Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown request, or the timeout occurs, or the current thread is interrupted, whichever happens first. Because the commonPool() never terminates until program shutdown, when applied to the common pool, this method is equivalent to awaitQuiescence(long, TimeUnit) but always returns false.
Specified by:
awaitTermination in interface ExecutorService
Parameters:
timeout - the maximum time to wait
unit - the time unit of the timeout argument
Returns:
true if this executor terminated and false if the timeout elapsed before termination
Throws:
InterruptedException - if interrupted while waiting

awaitQuiescence

public boolean awaitQuiescence(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
If called by a ForkJoinTask operating in this pool, equivalent in effect to ForkJoinTask.helpQuiesce(). Otherwise, waits and/or attempts to assist performing tasks until this pool isQuiescent() or the indicated timeout elapses.
Parameters:
timeout - the maximum time to wait
unit - the time unit of the timeout argument
Returns:
true if quiescent; false if the timeout elapsed.

close

public void close()
Unless this is the commonPool(), initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted, and waits until all tasks have completed execution and the executor has terminated.

If already terminated, or this is the commonPool(), this method has no effect on execution, and does not wait. Otherwise, if interrupted while waiting, this method stops all executing tasks as if by invoking shutdownNow(). It then continues to wait until all actively executing tasks have completed. Tasks that were awaiting execution are not executed. The interrupt status will be re-asserted before this method returns.

Specified by:
close in interface AutoCloseable
Specified by:
close in interface ExecutorService
Since:
19

managedBlock

public static void managedBlock(ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker blocker) throws InterruptedException
Runs the given possibly blocking task. When running in a ForkJoinPool, this method possibly arranges for a spare thread to be activated if necessary to ensure sufficient parallelism while the current thread is blocked in blocker.block().

This method repeatedly calls blocker.isReleasable() and blocker.block() until either method returns true. Every call to blocker.block() is preceded by a call to blocker.isReleasable() that returned false.

If not running in a ForkJoinPool, this method is behaviorally equivalent to 

while (!blocker.isReleasable())
  if (blocker.block())
    break;
If running in a ForkJoinPool, the pool may first be expanded to ensure sufficient parallelism available during the call to blocker.block().
Parameters:
blocker - the blocker task
Throws:
InterruptedException - if blocker.block() did so

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https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/25/docs/api/java.base/java/util/concurrent/ForkJoinPool.html