urlparse — Parse URLs into components

Source code: Lib/urlparse.py

This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator (URL) strings up in components (addressing scheme, network location, path etc.), to combine the components back into a URL string, and to convert a “relative URL” to an absolute URL given a “base URL.”

The module has been designed to match the Internet RFC on Relative Uniform Resource Locators. It supports the following URL schemes: file, ftp, gopher, hdl, http, https, imap, mailto, mms, news, nntp, prospero, rsync, rtsp, rtspu, sftp, shttp, sip, sips, snews, svn, svn+ssh, telnet, wais.

The urlparse module defines the following functions:

urlparse.urlparse(urlstring[, scheme[, allow_fragments]])

Parse a URL into six components, returning a 6-tuple. This corresponds to the general structure of a URL: scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment. Each tuple item is a string, possibly empty. The components are not broken up in smaller parts (for example, the network location is a single string), and % escapes are not expanded. The delimiters as shown above are not part of the result, except for a leading slash in the path component, which is retained if present. For example:

>>> from urlparse import urlparse
>>> o = urlparse('http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
>>> o   # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
            params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> o.scheme
'http'
>>> o.port
80
>>> o.geturl()
'http://www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html'

Following the syntax specifications in RFC 1808, urlparse recognizes a netloc only if it is properly introduced by ‘//’. Otherwise the input is presumed to be a relative URL and thus to start with a path component.

>>> from urlparse import urlparse
>>> urlparse('//www.cwi.nl:80/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='www.cwi.nl:80', path='/%7Eguido/Python.html',
           params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
           params='', query='', fragment='')
>>> urlparse('help/Python.html')
ParseResult(scheme='', netloc='', path='help/Python.html', params='',
           query='', fragment='')

If the scheme argument is specified, it gives the default addressing scheme, to be used only if the URL does not specify one. The default value for this argument is the empty string.

If the allow_fragments argument is false, fragment identifiers are not recognized and parsed as part of the preceding component, even if the URL’s addressing scheme normally does support them. The default value for this argument is True.

The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of tuple. This class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:

Attribute	Index	Value	Value if not present
scheme	0	URL scheme specifier	scheme parameter
netloc	1	Network location part	empty string
path	2	Hierarchical path	empty string
params	3	Parameters for last path element	empty string
query	4	Query component	empty string
fragment	5	Fragment identifier	empty string
username		User name	None
password		Password	None
hostname		Host name (lower case)	None
port		Port number as integer, if present	None

See section Results of urlparse() and urlsplit() for more information on the result object.

Characters in the netloc attribute that decompose under NFKC normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of /, ?, #, @, or : will raise a ValueError. If the URL is decomposed before parsing, or is not a Unicode string, no error will be raised.

Changed in version 2.5: Added attributes to return value.

Changed in version 2.7: Added IPv6 URL parsing capabilities.

Changed in version 2.7.17: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will now raise ValueError.

urlparse.parse_qs(qs[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing[, max_num_fields]]])

Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded). Data are returned as a dictionary. The dictionary keys are the unique query variable names and the values are lists of values for each name.

The optional argument keep_blank_values is a flag indicating whether blank values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.

The optional argument strict_parsing is a flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true, errors raise a ValueError exception.

The optional argument max_num_fields is the maximum number of fields to read. If set, then throws a ValueError if there are more than max_num_fields fields read.

Use the urllib.urlencode() function to convert such dictionaries into query strings.

New in version 2.6: Copied from the cgi module.

Changed in version 2.7.16: Added max_num_fields parameter.

urlparse.parse_qsl(qs[, keep_blank_values[, strict_parsing[, max_num_fields]]])

Parse a query string given as a string argument (data of type application/x-www-form-urlencoded). Data are returned as a list of name, value pairs.

The optional argument keep_blank_values is a flag indicating whether blank values in percent-encoded queries should be treated as blank strings. A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as blank strings. The default false value indicates that blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were not included.

The optional argument strict_parsing is a flag indicating what to do with parsing errors. If false (the default), errors are silently ignored. If true, errors raise a ValueError exception.

The optional argument max_num_fields is the maximum number of fields to read. If set, then throws a ValueError if there are more than max_num_fields fields read.

Use the urllib.urlencode() function to convert such lists of pairs into query strings.

New in version 2.6: Copied from the cgi module.

Changed in version 2.7.16: Added max_num_fields parameter.

urlparse.urlunparse(parts)

Construct a URL from a tuple as returned by urlparse(). The parts argument can be any six-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).

urlparse.urlsplit(urlstring[, scheme[, allow_fragments]])

This is similar to urlparse(), but does not split the params from the URL. This should generally be used instead of urlparse() if the more recent URL syntax allowing parameters to be applied to each segment of the path portion of the URL (see RFC 2396) is wanted. A separate function is needed to separate the path segments and parameters. This function returns a 5-tuple: (addressing scheme, network location, path, query, fragment identifier).

The return value is actually an instance of a subclass of tuple. This class has the following additional read-only convenience attributes:

Attribute	Index	Value	Value if not present
scheme	0	URL scheme specifier	scheme parameter
netloc	1	Network location part	empty string
path	2	Hierarchical path	empty string
query	3	Query component	empty string
fragment	4	Fragment identifier	empty string
username		User name	None
password		Password	None
hostname		Host name (lower case)	None
port		Port number as integer, if present	None

See section Results of urlparse() and urlsplit() for more information on the result object.

Characters in the netloc attribute that decompose under NFKC normalization (as used by the IDNA encoding) into any of /, ?, #, @, or : will raise a ValueError. If the URL is decomposed before parsing, or is not a Unicode string, no error will be raised.

New in version 2.2.

Changed in version 2.5: Added attributes to return value.

Changed in version 2.7.17: Characters that affect netloc parsing under NFKC normalization will now raise ValueError.

urlparse.urlunsplit(parts)

Combine the elements of a tuple as returned by urlsplit() into a complete URL as a string. The parts argument can be any five-item iterable. This may result in a slightly different, but equivalent URL, if the URL that was parsed originally had unnecessary delimiters (for example, a ? with an empty query; the RFC states that these are equivalent).

New in version 2.2.

urlparse.urljoin(base, url[, allow_fragments])

Construct a full (“absolute”) URL by combining a “base URL” (base) with another URL (url). Informally, this uses components of the base URL, in particular the addressing scheme, the network location and (part of) the path, to provide missing components in the relative URL. For example:

>>> from urlparse import urljoin
>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html', 'FAQ.html')
'http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/FAQ.html'

The allow_fragments argument has the same meaning and default as for urlparse().

Note

If url is an absolute URL (that is, starting with // or scheme://), the url’s host name and/or scheme will be present in the result. For example:

>>> urljoin('http://www.cwi.nl/%7Eguido/Python.html',
...         '//www.python.org/%7Eguido')
'http://www.python.org/%7Eguido'

If you do not want that behavior, preprocess the url with urlsplit() and urlunsplit(), removing possible scheme and netloc parts.

urlparse.urldefrag(url)

If url contains a fragment identifier, returns a modified version of url with no fragment identifier, and the fragment identifier as a separate string. If there is no fragment identifier in url, returns url unmodified and an empty string.

1. Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()

The result objects from the urlparse() and urlsplit() functions are subclasses of the tuple type. These subclasses add the attributes described in those functions, as well as provide an additional method:

ParseResult.geturl()

Return the re-combined version of the original URL as a string. This may differ from the original URL in that the scheme will always be normalized to lower case and empty components may be dropped. Specifically, empty parameters, queries, and fragment identifiers will be removed.

The result of this method is a fixpoint if passed back through the original parsing function:

>>> import urlparse
>>> url = 'HTTP://www.Python.org/doc/#'

>>> r1 = urlparse.urlsplit(url)
>>> r1.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'

>>> r2 = urlparse.urlsplit(r1.geturl())
>>> r2.geturl()
'http://www.Python.org/doc/'

New in version 2.5.

The following classes provide the implementations of the parse results:

class urlparse.ParseResult(scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment)

Concrete class for urlparse() results.

class urlparse.SplitResult(scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment)

Concrete class for urlsplit() results.