skimage.transform.hough_circle (image, radius) | Perform a circular Hough transform. |
skimage.transform.hough_ellipse (image[, …]) | Perform an elliptical Hough transform. |
skimage.transform.hough_line (image[, theta]) | Perform a straight line Hough transform. |
skimage.transform.probabilistic_hough_line (image) | Return lines from a progressive probabilistic line Hough transform. |
skimage.transform.hough_circle_peaks (…[, …]) | Return peaks in a circle Hough transform. |
skimage.transform.hough_line_peaks (hspace, …) | Return peaks in a straight line Hough transform. |
skimage.transform.radon (image[, theta, circle]) | Calculates the radon transform of an image given specified projection angles. |
skimage.transform.iradon (radon_image[, …]) | Inverse radon transform. |
skimage.transform.iradon_sart (radon_image[, …]) | Inverse radon transform |
skimage.transform.order_angles_golden_ratio (theta) | Order angles to reduce the amount of correlated information in subsequent projections. |
skimage.transform.frt2 (a) | Compute the 2-dimensional finite radon transform (FRT) for an n x n integer array. |
skimage.transform.ifrt2 (a) | Compute the 2-dimensional inverse finite radon transform (iFRT) for an (n+1) x n integer array. |
skimage.transform.integral_image (image) | Integral image / summed area table. |
skimage.transform.integrate (ii, start, end) | Use an integral image to integrate over a given window. |
skimage.transform.warp (image, inverse_map[, …]) | Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation. |
skimage.transform.warp_coords (coord_map, shape) | Build the source coordinates for the output of a 2-D image warp. |
skimage.transform.estimate_transform (ttype, …) | Estimate 2D geometric transformation parameters. |
skimage.transform.matrix_transform (coords, …) | Apply 2D matrix transform. |
skimage.transform.swirl (image[, center, …]) | Perform a swirl transformation. |
skimage.transform.resize (image, output_shape) | Resize image to match a certain size. |
skimage.transform.rotate (image, angle[, …]) | Rotate image by a certain angle around its center. |
skimage.transform.rescale (image, scale[, …]) | Scale image by a certain factor. |
skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean (…) | Down-sample N-dimensional image by local averaging. |
skimage.transform.pyramid_reduce (image[, …]) | Smooth and then downsample image. |
skimage.transform.pyramid_expand (image[, …]) | Upsample and then smooth image. |
skimage.transform.pyramid_gaussian (image[, …]) | Yield images of the Gaussian pyramid formed by the input image. |
skimage.transform.pyramid_laplacian (image[, …]) | Yield images of the laplacian pyramid formed by the input image. |
skimage.transform.seam_carve (image, …[, …]) | Carve vertical or horizontal seams off an image. |
skimage.transform.EuclideanTransform ([…]) | 2D Euclidean transformation. |
skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform ([…]) | 2D similarity transformation. |
skimage.transform.AffineTransform ([matrix, …]) | 2D affine transformation. |
skimage.transform.ProjectiveTransform ([matrix]) | Projective transformation. |
skimage.transform.EssentialMatrixTransform ([…]) | Essential matrix transformation. |
skimage.transform.FundamentalMatrixTransform ([…]) | Fundamental matrix transformation. |
skimage.transform.PolynomialTransform ([params]) | 2D polynomial transformation. |
skimage.transform.PiecewiseAffineTransform () | 2D piecewise affine transformation. |
skimage.transform.hough_circle(image, radius, normalize=True, full_output=False)
[source]
Perform a circular Hough transform.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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>>> from skimage.transform import hough_circle >>> from skimage.draw import circle_perimeter >>> img = np.zeros((100, 100), dtype=np.bool_) >>> rr, cc = circle_perimeter(25, 35, 23) >>> img[rr, cc] = 1 >>> try_radii = np.arange(5, 50) >>> res = hough_circle(img, try_radii) >>> ridx, r, c = np.unravel_index(np.argmax(res), res.shape) >>> r, c, try_radii[ridx] (25, 35, 23)
skimage.transform.hough_ellipse(image, threshold=4, accuracy=1, min_size=4, max_size=None)
[source]
Perform an elliptical Hough transform.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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The accuracy must be chosen to produce a peak in the accumulator distribution. In other words, a flat accumulator distribution with low values may be caused by a too low bin size.
[1] | Xie, Yonghong, and Qiang Ji. “A new efficient ellipse detection method.” Pattern Recognition, 2002. Proceedings. 16th International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2002 |
>>> from skimage.transform import hough_ellipse >>> from skimage.draw import ellipse_perimeter >>> img = np.zeros((25, 25), dtype=np.uint8) >>> rr, cc = ellipse_perimeter(10, 10, 6, 8) >>> img[cc, rr] = 1 >>> result = hough_ellipse(img, threshold=8) >>> result.tolist() [(10, 10.0, 10.0, 8.0, 6.0, 0.0)]
skimage.transform.hough_line(image, theta=None)
[source]
Perform a straight line Hough transform.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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The origin is the top left corner of the original image. X and Y axis are horizontal and vertical edges respectively. The distance is the minimal algebraic distance from the origin to the detected line. The angle accuracy can be improved by decreasing the step size in the theta
array.
Generate a test image:
>>> img = np.zeros((100, 150), dtype=bool) >>> img[30, :] = 1 >>> img[:, 65] = 1 >>> img[35:45, 35:50] = 1 >>> for i in range(90): ... img[i, i] = 1 >>> img += np.random.random(img.shape) > 0.95
Apply the Hough transform:
>>> out, angles, d = hough_line(img)
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from skimage.transform import hough_line from skimage.draw import line img = np.zeros((100, 150), dtype=bool) img[30, :] = 1 img[:, 65] = 1 img[35:45, 35:50] = 1 rr, cc = line(60, 130, 80, 10) img[rr, cc] = 1 img += np.random.random(img.shape) > 0.95 out, angles, d = hough_line(img) fix, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(7, 4)) axes[0].imshow(img, cmap=plt.cm.gray) axes[0].set_title('Input image') axes[1].imshow( out, cmap=plt.cm.bone, extent=(np.rad2deg(angles[-1]), np.rad2deg(angles[0]), d[-1], d[0])) axes[1].set_title('Hough transform') axes[1].set_xlabel('Angle (degree)') axes[1].set_ylabel('Distance (pixel)') plt.tight_layout() plt.show()
(Source code, png, pdf)
skimage.transform.probabilistic_hough_line(image, threshold=10, line_length=50, line_gap=10, theta=None, seed=None)
[source]
Return lines from a progressive probabilistic line Hough transform.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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[1] | C. Galamhos, J. Matas and J. Kittler, “Progressive probabilistic Hough transform for line detection”, in IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999. |
skimage.transform.hough_circle_peaks(hspaces, radii, min_xdistance=1, min_ydistance=1, threshold=None, num_peaks=inf, total_num_peaks=inf, normalize=False)
[source]
Return peaks in a circle Hough transform.
Identifies most prominent circles separated by certain distances in a Hough space. Non-maximum suppression with different sizes is applied separately in the first and second dimension of the Hough space to identify peaks.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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>>> from skimage import transform, draw >>> img = np.zeros((120, 100), dtype=int) >>> radius, x_0, y_0 = (20, 99, 50) >>> y, x = draw.circle_perimeter(y_0, x_0, radius) >>> img[x, y] = 1 >>> hspaces = transform.hough_circle(img, radius) >>> accum, cx, cy, rad = hough_circle_peaks(hspaces, [radius,])
skimage.transform.hough_line_peaks(hspace, angles, dists, min_distance=9, min_angle=10, threshold=None, num_peaks=inf)
[source]
Return peaks in a straight line Hough transform.
Identifies most prominent lines separated by a certain angle and distance in a Hough transform. Non-maximum suppression with different sizes is applied separately in the first (distances) and second (angles) dimension of the Hough space to identify peaks.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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>>> from skimage.transform import hough_line, hough_line_peaks >>> from skimage.draw import line >>> img = np.zeros((15, 15), dtype=np.bool_) >>> rr, cc = line(0, 0, 14, 14) >>> img[rr, cc] = 1 >>> rr, cc = line(0, 14, 14, 0) >>> img[cc, rr] = 1 >>> hspace, angles, dists = hough_line(img) >>> hspace, angles, dists = hough_line_peaks(hspace, angles, dists) >>> len(angles) 2
skimage.transform.radon(image, theta=None, circle=None)
[source]
Calculates the radon transform of an image given specified projection angles.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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Based on code of Justin K. Romberg (http://www.clear.rice.edu/elec431/projects96/DSP/bpanalysis.html)
[1] | AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988. |
[2] | B.R. Ramesh, N. Srinivasa, K. Rajgopal, “An Algorithm for Computing the Discrete Radon Transform With Some Applications”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, TENCON ‘89, 1989 |
skimage.transform.iradon(radon_image, theta=None, output_size=None, filter='ramp', interpolation='linear', circle=None)
[source]
Inverse radon transform.
Reconstruct an image from the radon transform, using the filtered back projection algorithm.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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It applies the Fourier slice theorem to reconstruct an image by multiplying the frequency domain of the filter with the FFT of the projection data. This algorithm is called filtered back projection.
[1] | AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988. |
[2] | B.R. Ramesh, N. Srinivasa, K. Rajgopal, “An Algorithm for Computing the Discrete Radon Transform With Some Applications”, Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, TENCON ‘89, 1989 |
skimage.transform.iradon_sart(radon_image, theta=None, image=None, projection_shifts=None, clip=None, relaxation=0.15)
[source]
Inverse radon transform
Reconstruct an image from the radon transform, using a single iteration of the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) algorithm.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques are based on formulating the tomography reconstruction problem as a set of linear equations. Along each ray, the projected value is the sum of all the values of the cross section along the ray. A typical feature of SART (and a few other variants of algebraic techniques) is that it samples the cross section at equidistant points along the ray, using linear interpolation between the pixel values of the cross section. The resulting set of linear equations are then solved using a slightly modified Kaczmarz method.
When using SART, a single iteration is usually sufficient to obtain a good reconstruction. Further iterations will tend to enhance high-frequency information, but will also often increase the noise.
[1] | AC Kak, M Slaney, “Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging”, IEEE Press 1988. |
[2] | AH Andersen, AC Kak, “Simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART): a superior implementation of the ART algorithm”, Ultrasonic Imaging 6 pp 81–94 (1984) |
[3] | S Kaczmarz, “Angenäherte auflösung von systemen linearer gleichungen”, Bulletin International de l’Academie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres 35 pp 355–357 (1937) |
[4] | Kohler, T. “A projection access scheme for iterative reconstruction based on the golden section.” Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2004 IEEE. Vol. 6. IEEE, 2004. |
[5] | Kaczmarz’ method, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaczmarz_method |
skimage.transform.order_angles_golden_ratio(theta)
[source]
Order angles to reduce the amount of correlated information in subsequent projections.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
The method used here is that of the golden ratio introduced by T. Kohler.
[1] | Kohler, T. “A projection access scheme for iterative reconstruction based on the golden section.” Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2004 IEEE. Vol. 6. IEEE, 2004. |
[2] | Winkelmann, Stefanie, et al. “An optimal radial profile order based on the Golden Ratio for time-resolved MRI.” Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on 26.1 (2007): 68-76. |
skimage.transform.frt2(a)
[source]
Compute the 2-dimensional finite radon transform (FRT) for an n x n integer array.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
See also
ifrt2
The FRT has a unique inverse if and only if n is prime. [FRT] The idea for this algorithm is due to Vlad Negnevitski.
[FRT] | A. Kingston and I. Svalbe, “Projective transforms on periodic discrete image arrays,” in P. Hawkes (Ed), Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 139 (2006) |
Generate a test image: Use a prime number for the array dimensions
>>> SIZE = 59 >>> img = np.tri(SIZE, dtype=np.int32)
Apply the Finite Radon Transform:
>>> f = frt2(img)
skimage.transform.ifrt2(a)
[source]
Compute the 2-dimensional inverse finite radon transform (iFRT) for an (n+1) x n integer array.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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See also
frt2
The FRT has a unique inverse if and only if n is prime. See [1] for an overview. The idea for this algorithm is due to Vlad Negnevitski.
[1] | (1, 2) A. Kingston and I. Svalbe, “Projective transforms on periodic discrete image arrays,” in P. Hawkes (Ed), Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, 139 (2006) |
>>> SIZE = 59 >>> img = np.tri(SIZE, dtype=np.int32)
Apply the Finite Radon Transform:
>>> f = frt2(img)
Apply the Inverse Finite Radon Transform to recover the input
>>> fi = ifrt2(f)
Check that it’s identical to the original
>>> assert len(np.nonzero(img-fi)[0]) == 0
skimage.transform.integral_image(image)
[source]
Integral image / summed area table.
The integral image contains the sum of all elements above and to the left of it, i.e.:
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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[1] | F.C. Crow, “Summed-area tables for texture mapping,” ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, vol. 18, 1984, pp. 207-212. |
skimage.transform.integrate(ii, start, end)
[source]
Use an integral image to integrate over a given window.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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>>> arr = np.ones((5, 6), dtype=np.float) >>> ii = integral_image(arr) >>> integrate(ii, (1, 0), (1, 2)) # sum from (1, 0) to (1, 2) array([ 3.]) >>> integrate(ii, [(3, 3)], [(4, 5)]) # sum from (3, 3) to (4, 5) array([ 6.]) >>> # sum from (1, 0) to (1, 2) and from (3, 3) to (4, 5) >>> integrate(ii, [(1, 0), (3, 3)], [(1, 2), (4, 5)]) array([ 3., 6.])
skimage.transform.warp(image, inverse_map, map_args={}, output_shape=None, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0.0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)
[source]
Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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double
image.SimilarityTransform
, AffineTransform
and ProjectiveTransform
and order
in [0, 3] this function uses the underlying transformation matrix to warp the image with a much faster routine.>>> from skimage.transform import warp >>> from skimage import data >>> image = data.camera()
The following image warps are all equal but differ substantially in execution time. The image is shifted to the bottom.
Use a geometric transform to warp an image (fast):
>>> from skimage.transform import SimilarityTransform >>> tform = SimilarityTransform(translation=(0, -10)) >>> warped = warp(image, tform)
Use a callable (slow):
>>> def shift_down(xy): ... xy[:, 1] -= 10 ... return xy >>> warped = warp(image, shift_down)
Use a transformation matrix to warp an image (fast):
>>> matrix = np.array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, -10], [0, 0, 1]]) >>> warped = warp(image, matrix) >>> from skimage.transform import ProjectiveTransform >>> warped = warp(image, ProjectiveTransform(matrix=matrix))
You can also use the inverse of a geometric transformation (fast):
>>> warped = warp(image, tform.inverse)
For N-D images you can pass a coordinate array, that specifies the coordinates in the input image for every element in the output image. E.g. if you want to rescale a 3-D cube, you can do:
>>> cube_shape = np.array([30, 30, 30]) >>> cube = np.random.rand(*cube_shape)
Setup the coordinate array, that defines the scaling:
>>> scale = 0.1 >>> output_shape = (scale * cube_shape).astype(int) >>> coords0, coords1, coords2 = np.mgrid[:output_shape[0], ... :output_shape[1], :output_shape[2]] >>> coords = np.array([coords0, coords1, coords2])
Assume that the cube contains spatial data, where the first array element center is at coordinate (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) in real space, i.e. we have to account for this extra offset when scaling the image:
>>> coords = (coords + 0.5) / scale - 0.5 >>> warped = warp(cube, coords)
skimage.transform.warp_coords(coord_map, shape, dtype=<class 'numpy.float64'>)
[source]
Build the source coordinates for the output of a 2-D image warp.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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This is a lower-level routine that produces the source coordinates for 2-D images used by warp()
.
It is provided separately from warp
to give additional flexibility to users who would like, for example, to re-use a particular coordinate mapping, to use specific dtypes at various points along the the image-warping process, or to implement different post-processing logic than warp
performs after the call to ndi.map_coordinates
.
Produce a coordinate map that shifts an image up and to the right:
>>> from skimage import data >>> from scipy.ndimage import map_coordinates >>> >>> def shift_up10_left20(xy): ... return xy - np.array([-20, 10])[None, :] >>> >>> image = data.astronaut().astype(np.float32) >>> coords = warp_coords(shift_up10_left20, image.shape) >>> warped_image = map_coordinates(image, coords)
skimage.transform.estimate_transform(ttype, src, dst, **kwargs)
[source]
Estimate 2D geometric transformation parameters.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
>>> import numpy as np >>> from skimage import transform as tf
>>> # estimate transformation parameters >>> src = np.array([0, 0, 10, 10]).reshape((2, 2)) >>> dst = np.array([12, 14, 1, -20]).reshape((2, 2))
>>> tform = tf.estimate_transform('similarity', src, dst)
>>> np.allclose(tform.inverse(tform(src)), src) True
>>> # warp image using the estimated transformation >>> from skimage import data >>> image = data.camera()
>>> warp(image, inverse_map=tform.inverse) # doctest: +SKIP
>>> # create transformation with explicit parameters >>> tform2 = tf.SimilarityTransform(scale=1.1, rotation=1, ... translation=(10, 20))
>>> # unite transformations, applied in order from left to right >>> tform3 = tform + tform2 >>> np.allclose(tform3(src), tform2(tform(src))) True
skimage.transform.matrix_transform(coords, matrix)
[source]
Apply 2D matrix transform.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
skimage.transform.swirl(image, center=None, strength=1, radius=100, rotation=0, output_shape=None, order=1, mode=None, cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)
[source]
Perform a swirl transformation.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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Other Parameters: | |
|
skimage.transform.resize(image, output_shape, order=1, mode=None, cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False, anti_aliasing=None, anti_aliasing_sigma=None)
[source]
Resize image to match a certain size.
Performs interpolation to up-size or down-size images. Note that anti- aliasing should be enabled when down-sizing images to avoid aliasing artifacts. For down-sampling N-dimensional images with an integer factor also see skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean
.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
Other Parameters: | |
|
Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import resize >>> image = data.camera() >>> resize(image, (100, 100), mode='reflect').shape (100, 100)
skimage.transform.rotate(image, angle, resize=False, center=None, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)
[source]
Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
Other Parameters: | |
|
Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import rotate >>> image = data.camera() >>> rotate(image, 2).shape (512, 512) >>> rotate(image, 2, resize=True).shape (530, 530) >>> rotate(image, 90, resize=True).shape (512, 512)
skimage.transform.rescale(image, scale, order=1, mode=None, cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False, multichannel=None, anti_aliasing=None, anti_aliasing_sigma=None)
[source]
Scale image by a certain factor.
Performs interpolation to up-scale or down-scale images. Note that anti- aliasing should be enabled when down-sizing images to avoid aliasing artifacts. For down-sampling N-dimensional images with an integer factor also see skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean
.
Parameters: |
|
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Returns: |
|
Other Parameters: | |
|
Modes ‘reflect’ and ‘symmetric’ are similar, but differ in whether the edge pixels are duplicated during the reflection. As an example, if an array has values [0, 1, 2] and was padded to the right by four values using symmetric, the result would be [0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0], while for reflect it would be [0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2].
>>> from skimage import data >>> from skimage.transform import rescale >>> image = data.camera() >>> rescale(image, 0.1, mode='reflect').shape (51, 51) >>> rescale(image, 0.5, mode='reflect').shape (256, 256)
skimage.transform.downscale_local_mean(image, factors, cval=0, clip=True)
[source]
Down-sample N-dimensional image by local averaging.
The image is padded with cval
if it is not perfectly divisible by the integer factors.
In contrast to the 2-D interpolation in skimage.transform.resize
and skimage.transform.rescale
this function may be applied to N-dimensional images and calculates the local mean of elements in each block of size factors
in the input image.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
>>> a = np.arange(15).reshape(3, 5) >>> a array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]]) >>> downscale_local_mean(a, (2, 3)) array([[ 3.5, 4. ], [ 5.5, 4.5]])
skimage.transform.pyramid_reduce(image, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=None)
[source]
Smooth and then downsample image.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
[1] | http://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/pub_pdfs/pyramid83.pdf |
skimage.transform.pyramid_expand(image, upscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=None)
[source]
Upsample and then smooth image.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
[1] | http://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/pub_pdfs/pyramid83.pdf |
skimage.transform.pyramid_gaussian(image, max_layer=-1, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=None)
[source]
Yield images of the Gaussian pyramid formed by the input image.
Recursively applies the pyramid_reduce
function to the image, and yields the downscaled images.
Note that the first image of the pyramid will be the original, unscaled image. The total number of images is max_layer + 1
. In case all layers are computed, the last image is either a one-pixel image or the image where the reduction does not change its shape.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
[1] | http://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/pub_pdfs/pyramid83.pdf |
skimage.transform.pyramid_laplacian(image, max_layer=-1, downscale=2, sigma=None, order=1, mode='reflect', cval=0, multichannel=None)
[source]
Yield images of the laplacian pyramid formed by the input image.
Each layer contains the difference between the downsampled and the downsampled, smoothed image:
layer = resize(prev_layer) - smooth(resize(prev_layer))
Note that the first image of the pyramid will be the difference between the original, unscaled image and its smoothed version. The total number of images is max_layer + 1
. In case all layers are computed, the last image is either a one-pixel image or the image where the reduction does not change its shape.
Parameters: |
|
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Returns: |
|
[1] | http://web.mit.edu/persci/people/adelson/pub_pdfs/pyramid83.pdf |
[2] | http://sepwww.stanford.edu/data/media/public/sep/morgan/texturematch/paper_html/node3.html |
skimage.transform.seam_carve(image, energy_map, mode, num, border=1, force_copy=True)
[source]
Carve vertical or horizontal seams off an image.
Carves out vertical/horizontal seams from an image while using the given energy map to decide the importance of each pixel.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
|
[1] | Shai Avidan and Ariel Shamir “Seam Carving for Content-Aware Image Resizing” http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~misha/ReadingSeminar/Papers/Avidan07.pdf |
class skimage.transform.EuclideanTransform(matrix=None, rotation=None, translation=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.ProjectiveTransform
2D Euclidean transformation.
Has the following form:
X = a0 * x - b0 * y + a1 = = x * cos(rotation) - y * sin(rotation) + a1 Y = b0 * x + a0 * y + b1 = = x * sin(rotation) + y * cos(rotation) + b1
where the homogeneous transformation matrix is:
[[a0 b0 a1] [b0 a0 b1] [0 0 1]]
The Euclidean transformation is a rigid transformation with rotation and translation parameters. The similarity transformation extends the Euclidean transformation with a single scaling factor.
Parameters: |
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Attributes: |
|
__init__(matrix=None, rotation=None, translation=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst)
[source]
Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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rotation
translation
class skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, translation=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.EuclideanTransform
2D similarity transformation.
Has the following form:
X = a0 * x - b0 * y + a1 = = s * x * cos(rotation) - s * y * sin(rotation) + a1 Y = b0 * x + a0 * y + b1 = = s * x * sin(rotation) + s * y * cos(rotation) + b1
where s
is a scale factor and the homogeneous transformation matrix is:
[[a0 b0 a1] [b0 a0 b1] [0 0 1]]
The similarity transformation extends the Euclidean transformation with a single scaling factor in addition to the rotation and translation parameters.
Parameters: |
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Attributes: |
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__init__(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, translation=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst)
[source]
Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
Parameters: |
|
---|---|
Returns: |
|
scale
class skimage.transform.AffineTransform(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, shear=None, translation=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.ProjectiveTransform
2D affine transformation.
Has the following form:
X = a0*x + a1*y + a2 = = sx*x*cos(rotation) - sy*y*sin(rotation + shear) + a2 Y = b0*x + b1*y + b2 = = sx*x*sin(rotation) + sy*y*cos(rotation + shear) + b2
where sx
and sy
are scale factors in the x and y directions, and the homogeneous transformation matrix is:
[[a0 a1 a2] [b0 b1 b2] [0 0 1]]
Parameters: |
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Attributes: |
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__init__(matrix=None, scale=None, rotation=None, shear=None, translation=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
rotation
scale
shear
translation
class skimage.transform.ProjectiveTransform(matrix=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
Projective transformation.
Apply a projective transformation (homography) on coordinates.
For each homogeneous coordinate \(\mathbf{x} = [x, y, 1]^T\), its target position is calculated by multiplying with the given matrix, \(H\), to give \(H \mathbf{x}\):
[[a0 a1 a2] [b0 b1 b2] [c0 c1 1 ]].
E.g., to rotate by theta degrees clockwise, the matrix should be:
[[cos(theta) -sin(theta) 0] [sin(theta) cos(theta) 0] [0 0 1]]
or, to translate x by 10 and y by 20:
[[1 0 10] [0 1 20] [0 0 1 ]].
Parameters: |
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Attributes: |
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__init__(matrix=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst)
[source]
Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
The transformation is defined as:
X = (a0*x + a1*y + a2) / (c0*x + c1*y + 1) Y = (b0*x + b1*y + b2) / (c0*x + c1*y + 1)
These equations can be transformed to the following form:
0 = a0*x + a1*y + a2 - c0*x*X - c1*y*X - X 0 = b0*x + b1*y + b2 - c0*x*Y - c1*y*Y - Y
which exist for each set of corresponding points, so we have a set of N * 2 equations. The coefficients appear linearly so we can write A x = 0, where:
A = [[x y 1 0 0 0 -x*X -y*X -X] [0 0 0 x y 1 -x*Y -y*Y -Y] ... ... ] x.T = [a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 c0 c1 c3]
In case of total least-squares the solution of this homogeneous system of equations is the right singular vector of A which corresponds to the smallest singular value normed by the coefficient c3.
In case of the affine transformation the coefficients c0 and c1 are 0. Thus the system of equations is:
A = [[x y 1 0 0 0 -X] [0 0 0 x y 1 -Y] ... ... ] x.T = [a0 a1 a2 b0 b1 b2 c3]
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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inverse(coords)
[source]
Apply inverse transformation.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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class skimage.transform.EssentialMatrixTransform(rotation=None, translation=None, matrix=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.FundamentalMatrixTransform
Essential matrix transformation.
The essential matrix relates corresponding points between a pair of calibrated images. The matrix transforms normalized, homogeneous image points in one image to epipolar lines in the other image.
The essential matrix is only defined for a pair of moving images capturing a non-planar scene. In the case of pure rotation or planar scenes, the homography describes the geometric relation between two images (ProjectiveTransform
). If the intrinsic calibration of the images is unknown, the fundamental matrix describes the projective relation between the two images (FundamentalMatrixTransform
).
Parameters: |
|
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[1] | Hartley, Richard, and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003. |
Attributes: |
|
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__init__(rotation=None, translation=None, matrix=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst)
[source]
Estimate essential matrix using 8-point algorithm.
The 8-point algorithm requires at least 8 corresponding point pairs for a well-conditioned solution, otherwise the over-determined solution is estimated.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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class skimage.transform.FundamentalMatrixTransform(matrix=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
Fundamental matrix transformation.
The fundamental matrix relates corresponding points between a pair of uncalibrated images. The matrix transforms homogeneous image points in one image to epipolar lines in the other image.
The fundamental matrix is only defined for a pair of moving images. In the case of pure rotation or planar scenes, the homography describes the geometric relation between two images (ProjectiveTransform
). If the intrinsic calibration of the images is known, the essential matrix describes the metric relation between the two images (EssentialMatrixTransform
).
Parameters: |
|
---|
[1] | Hartley, Richard, and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple view geometry in computer vision. Cambridge university press, 2003. |
Attributes: |
|
---|
__init__(matrix=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst)
[source]
Estimate fundamental matrix using 8-point algorithm.
The 8-point algorithm requires at least 8 corresponding point pairs for a well-conditioned solution, otherwise the over-determined solution is estimated.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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inverse(coords)
[source]
Apply inverse transformation.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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residuals(src, dst)
[source]
Compute the Sampson distance.
The Sampson distance is the first approximation to the geometric error.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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class skimage.transform.PolynomialTransform(params=None)
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
2D polynomial transformation.
Has the following form:
X = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) Y = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
Parameters: |
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Attributes: |
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__init__(params=None)
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst, order=2)
[source]
Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
You can determine the over-, well- and under-determined parameters with the total least-squares method.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
The transformation is defined as:
X = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) Y = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i ))
These equations can be transformed to the following form:
0 = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( a_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) - X 0 = sum[j=0:order]( sum[i=0:j]( b_ji * x**(j - i) * y**i )) - Y
which exist for each set of corresponding points, so we have a set of N * 2 equations. The coefficients appear linearly so we can write A x = 0, where:
A = [[1 x y x**2 x*y y**2 ... 0 ... 0 -X] [0 ... 0 1 x y x**2 x*y y**2 -Y] ... ... ] x.T = [a00 a10 a11 a20 a21 a22 ... ann b00 b10 b11 b20 b21 b22 ... bnn c3]
In case of total least-squares the solution of this homogeneous system of equations is the right singular vector of A which corresponds to the smallest singular value normed by the coefficient c3.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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inverse(coords)
[source]
Apply inverse transformation.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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class skimage.transform.PiecewiseAffineTransform
[source]
Bases: skimage.transform._geometric.GeometricTransform
2D piecewise affine transformation.
Control points are used to define the mapping. The transform is based on a Delaunay triangulation of the points to form a mesh. Each triangle is used to find a local affine transform.
Attributes: |
|
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__init__()
[source]
Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
estimate(src, dst)
[source]
Estimate the transformation from a set of corresponding points.
Number of source and destination coordinates must match.
Parameters: |
|
---|---|
Returns: |
|
inverse(coords)
[source]
Apply inverse transformation.
Coordinates outside of the mesh will be set to - 1
.
Parameters: |
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Returns: |
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© 2011 the scikit-image team
Licensed under the BSD 3-clause License.
http://scikit-image.org/docs/0.14.x/api/skimage.transform.html