Angular CLI builders

A number of Angular CLI commands run a complex process on your code, such as linting, building, or testing. The commands use an internal tool called Architect to run CLI builders, which apply another tool to accomplish the wanted task.

With Angular version 8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers who want to customize the Angular CLI by adding or modifying commands. For example, you could supply a builder to perform an entirely new task, or to change which third-party tool is used by an existing command.

This document explains how CLI builders integrate with the workspace configuration file, and shows how you can create your own builder.

Find the code from the examples used here in this GitHub repository.

CLI builders

The internal Architect tool delegates work to handler functions called builders. A builder handler function receives two arguments; a set of input options (a JSON object), and a context (a BuilderContext object).

The separation of concerns here is the same as with schematics, which are used for other CLI commands that touch your code (such as ng generate).

• The options object is provided by the CLI user, while the context object is provided by the CLI Builder API
• In addition to the contextual information, the context object, which is an instance of the BuilderContext, also provides access to a scheduling method, context.scheduleTarget(). The scheduler executes the builder handler function with a given target configuration.

The builder handler function can be synchronous (return a value) or asynchronous (return a Promise), or it can watch and return multiple values (return an Observable). The return value or values must always be of type BuilderOutput. This object contains a Boolean success field and an optional error field that can contain an error message.

Angular provides some builders that are used by the CLI for commands such as ng build and ng test. Default target configurations for these and other built-in CLI builders can be found (and customized) in the "architect" section of the workspace configuration file, angular.json. Also, extend and customize Angular by creating your own builders, which you can run using the ng run CLI command.

Builder project structure

A builder resides in a "project" folder that is similar in structure to an Angular workspace, with global configuration files at the top level, and more specific configuration in a source folder with the code files that define the behavior. For example, your myBuilder folder could contain the following files.

Files	Purpose
src/my-builder.ts	Main source file for the builder definition.
src/my-builder.spec.ts	Source file for tests.
src/schema.json	Definition of builder input options.
builders.json	Builders definition.
package.json	Dependencies. See https://docs.npmjs.com/files/package.json.
tsconfig.json	TypeScript configuration.

Publish the builder to npm (see Publishing your Library). If you publish it as @example/my-builder, install it using the following command.

npm install @example/my-builder

Creating a builder

As an example, create a builder that copies a file. To create a builder, use the createBuilder() CLI Builder function, and return a Promise<BuilderOutput> object.

import { BuilderContext, BuilderOutput, createBuilder } from '@angular-devkit/architect';
import { JsonObject } from '@angular-devkit/core';

interface Options extends JsonObject {
  source: string;
  destination: string;
}

export default createBuilder(copyFileBuilder);

async function copyFileBuilder(
  options: Options,
  context: BuilderContext,
): Promise<BuilderOutput> {
}

Now let's add some logic to it. The following code retrieves the source and destination file paths from user options and copies the file from the source to the destination (using the Promise version of the built-in NodeJS copyFile() function). If the copy operation fails, it returns an error with a message about the underlying problem.

import { BuilderContext, BuilderOutput, createBuilder } from '@angular-devkit/architect';
import { JsonObject } from '@angular-devkit/core';
import { promises as fs } from 'fs';

interface Options extends JsonObject {
  source: string;
  destination: string;
}

export default createBuilder(copyFileBuilder);

async function copyFileBuilder(
  options: Options,
  context: BuilderContext,
): Promise<BuilderOutput> {
  try {
    await fs.copyFile(options.source, options.destination);
  } catch (err) {
    return {
      success: false,
      error: err.message,
    };
  }

  return { success: true };
}

Handling output

By default, copyFile() does not print anything to the process standard output or error. If an error occurs, it might be difficult to understand exactly what the builder was trying to do when the problem occurred. Add some additional context by logging additional information using the Logger API. This also lets the builder itself be executed in a separate process, even if the standard output and error are deactivated (as in an Electron app).

You can retrieve a Logger instance from the context.

import { BuilderContext, BuilderOutput, createBuilder } from '@angular-devkit/architect';
import { JsonObject } from '@angular-devkit/core';
import { promises as fs } from 'fs';

interface Options extends JsonObject {
  source: string;
  destination: string;
}

export default createBuilder(copyFileBuilder);

async function copyFileBuilder(
  options: Options,
  context: BuilderContext,
): Promise<BuilderOutput> {
  try {
    await fs.copyFile(options.source, options.destination);
  } catch (err) {
    context.logger.error('Failed to copy file.');
    return {
      success: false,
      error: err.message,
    };
  }

  return { success: true };
}

Progress and status reporting

The CLI Builder API includes progress and status reporting tools, which can provide hints for certain functions and interfaces.

To report progress, use the context.reportProgress() method, which takes a current value, (optional) total, and status string as arguments. The total can be any number; for example, if you know how many files you have to process, the total could be the number of files, and current should be the number processed so far. The status string is unmodified unless you pass in a new string value.

You can see an example of how the tslint builder reports progress.

In our example, the copy operation either finishes or is still executing, so there's no need for a progress report, but you can report status so that a parent builder that called our builder would know what's going on. Use the context.reportStatus() method to generate a status string of any length.

NOTE: There's no guarantee that a long string will be shown entirely; it could be cut to fit the UI that displays it.

Pass an empty string to remove the status.

import { BuilderContext, BuilderOutput, createBuilder } from '@angular-devkit/architect';
import { JsonObject } from '@angular-devkit/core';
import { promises as fs } from 'fs';

interface Options extends JsonObject {
  source: string;
  destination: string;
}

export default createBuilder(copyFileBuilder);

async function copyFileBuilder(
  options: Options,
  context: BuilderContext,
): Promise<BuilderOutput> {
  context.reportStatus(`Copying ${options.source} to ${options.destination}.`);
  try {
    await fs.copyFile(options.source, options.destination);
  } catch (err) {
    context.logger.error('Failed to copy file.');
    return {
      success: false,
      error: err.message,
    };
  }

  context.reportStatus('Done.');
  return { success: true };
}

Builder input

You can invoke a builder indirectly through a CLI command, or directly with the Angular CLI ng run command. In either case, you must provide required inputs, but can let other inputs default to values that are pre-configured for a specific target, provide a pre-defined, named override configuration, and provide further override option values on the command line.

Input validation

You define builder inputs in a JSON schema associated with that builder. The Architect tool collects the resolved input values into an options object, and validates their types against the schema before passing them to the builder function. (The Schematics library does the same kind of validation of user input.)

For our example builder, you expect the options value to be a JsonObject with two keys: A source and a destination, each of which are a string.

You can provide the following schema for type validation of these values.

{
  "$schema": "http://json-schema.org/schema",
  "type": "object",
  "properties": {
    "source": {
      "type": "string"
    },
    "destination": {
      "type": "string"
    }
  }
}

This is a very simple example, but the use of a schema for validation can be very powerful. For more information, see the JSON schemas website.

To link our builder implementation with its schema and name, you need to create a builder definition file, which you can point to in package.json.

Create a file named builders.json that looks like this:

{
  "builders": {
    "copy": {
      "implementation": "./dist/my-builder.js",
      "schema": "./src/schema.json",
      "description": "Copies a file."
    }
  }
}

In the package.json file, add a builders key that tells the Architect tool where to find our builder definition file.

{
  "name": "@example/copy-file",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "Builder for copying files",
  "builders": "builders.json",
  "dependencies": {
    "@angular-devkit/architect": "~0.1200.0",
    "@angular-devkit/core": "^12.0.0"
  }
}

The official name of our builder is now @example/copy-file:copy. The first part of this is the package name (resolved using node resolution), and the second part is the builder name (resolved using the builders.json file).

Using one of our options is very straightforward. You did this in the previous section when you accessed options.source and options.destination.

context.reportStatus(`Copying ${options.source} to ${options.destination}.`);
try {
  await fs.copyFile(options.source, options.destination);
} catch (err) {
  context.logger.error('Failed to copy file.');
  return {
    success: false,
    error: err.message,
  };
}

context.reportStatus('Done.');
return { success: true };

Target configuration

A builder must have a defined target that associates it with a specific input configuration and project.

Targets are defined in the angular.json CLI configuration file. A target specifies the builder to use, its default options configuration, and named alternative configurations. The Architect tool uses the target definition to resolve input options for a given run.

The angular.json file has a section for each project, and the "architect" section of each project configures targets for builders used by CLI commands such as 'build', 'test', and 'lint'. By default, for example, the build command runs the builder @angular-devkit/build-angular:browser to perform the build task, and passes in default option values as specified for the build target in angular.json.

{
  "myApp": {
    …
    "architect": {
      "build": {
        "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser",
        "options": {
          "outputPath": "dist/myApp",
          "index": "src/index.html",
          …
        },
        "configurations": {
          "production": {
            "fileReplacements": [
              {
                "replace": "src/environments/environment.ts",
                "with": "src/environments/environment.prod.ts"
              }
            ],
            "optimization": true,
            "outputHashing": "all",
            …
          }
        }
      },
      …

The command passes the builder the set of default options specified in the "options" section. If you pass the --configuration=production flag, it uses the override values specified in the production alternative configuration. Specify further option overrides individually on the command line. You might also add more alternative configurations to the build target, to define other environments such as stage or qa.

Target strings

The generic ng run CLI command takes as its first argument a target string of the following form.

project:target[:configuration]

	Details
project	The name of the Angular CLI project that the target is associated with.
target	A named builder configuration from the architect section of the angular.json file.
configuration	(optional) The name of a specific configuration override for the given target, as defined in the angular.json file.

If your builder calls another builder, it might need to read a passed target string. Parse this string into an object by using the targetFromTargetString() utility function from @angular-devkit/architect.

Schedule and run

Architect runs builders asynchronously. To invoke a builder, you schedule a task to be run when all configuration resolution is complete.

The builder function is not executed until the scheduler returns a BuilderRun control object. The CLI typically schedules tasks by calling the context.scheduleTarget() function, and then resolves input options using the target definition in the angular.json file.

Architect resolves input options for a given target by taking the default options object, then overwriting values from the configuration used (if any), then further overwriting values from the overrides object passed to context.scheduleTarget(). For the Angular CLI, the overrides object is built from command line arguments.

Architect validates the resulting options values against the schema of the builder. If inputs are valid, Architect creates the context and executes the builder.

For more information see Workspace Configuration.

You can also invoke a builder directly from another builder or test by calling context.scheduleBuilder(). You pass an options object directly to the method, and those option values are validated against the schema of the builder without further adjustment.

Only the context.scheduleTarget() method resolves the configuration and overrides through the angular.json file.

Default architect configuration

Let's create a simple angular.json file that puts target configurations into context.

You can publish the builder to npm (see Publishing your Library), and install it using the following command:

npm install @example/copy-file

If you create a new project with ng new builder-test, the generated angular.json file looks something like this, with only default builder configurations.

{
  // …
  "projects": {
    // …
    "builder-test": {
      // …
      "architect": {
        // …
        "build": {
          "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser",
          "options": {
            // … more options…
            "outputPath": "dist/builder-test",
            "index": "src/index.html",
            "main": "src/main.ts",
            "polyfills": "src/polyfills.ts",
            "tsConfig": "src/tsconfig.app.json"
          },
          "configurations": {
            "production": {
              // … more options…
              "optimization": true,
              "aot": true,
              "buildOptimizer": true
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  // …
}

Adding a target

Add a new target that will run our builder to copy a file. This target tells the builder to copy the package.json file.

You need to update the angular.json file to add a target for this builder to the "architect" section of our new project.

• We'll add a new target section to the "architect" object for our project

• The target named "copy-package" uses our builder, which you published to @example/copy-file. (See Publishing your Library.)

• The options object provides default values for the two inputs that you defined; source, which is the existing file you are copying, and destination, the path you want to copy to

• The configurations key is optional, we'll leave it out for now

{
  "projects": {
    "builder-test": {
      "architect": {
        "copy-package": {
          "builder": "@example/copy-file:copy",
          "options": {
            "source": "package.json",
            "destination": "package-copy.json"
          }
        },
        "build": {
          "builder": "@angular-devkit/build-angular:browser",
          "options": {
            "outputPath": "dist/builder-test",
            "index": "src/index.html",
            "main": "src/main.ts",
            "polyfills": "src/polyfills.ts",
            "tsConfig": "src/tsconfig.app.json"
          },
          "configurations": {
            "production": {
              "fileReplacements": [
                {
                  "replace": "src/environments/environment.ts",
                  "with": "src/environments/environment.prod.ts"
                }
              ],
              "optimization": true,
              "aot": true,
              "buildOptimizer": true
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Running the builder

To run our builder with the new target's default configuration, use the following CLI command.

ng run builder-test:copy-package

This copies the package.json file to package-copy.json.

Use command-line arguments to override the configured defaults. For example, to run with a different destination value, use the following CLI command.

ng run builder-test:copy-package --destination=package-other.json

This copies the file to package-other.json instead of package-copy.json. Because you did not override the source option, it will copy from the package.json file (the default value provided for the target).

Testing a builder

Use integration testing for your builder, so that you can use the Architect scheduler to create a context, as in this example.

• In the builder source directory, you have created a new test file my-builder.spec.ts. The code creates new instances of JsonSchemaRegistry (for schema validation), TestingArchitectHost (an in-memory implementation of ArchitectHost), and Architect.

• We've added a builders.json file next to the builder's package.json file, and modified the package file to point to it.

Here's an example of a test that runs the copy file builder. The test uses the builder to copy the package.json file and validates that the copied file's contents are the same as the source.

import { Architect } from '@angular-devkit/architect';
import { TestingArchitectHost } from '@angular-devkit/architect/testing';
import { schema } from '@angular-devkit/core';
import { promises as fs } from 'fs';

describe('Copy File Builder', () => {
  let architect: Architect;
  let architectHost: TestingArchitectHost;

  beforeEach(async () => {
    const registry = new schema.CoreSchemaRegistry();
    registry.addPostTransform(schema.transforms.addUndefinedDefaults);

    // TestingArchitectHost() takes workspace and current directories.
    // Since we don't use those, both are the same in this case.
    architectHost = new TestingArchitectHost(__dirname, __dirname);
    architect = new Architect(architectHost, registry);

    // This will either take a Node package name, or a path to the directory
    // for the package.json file.
    await architectHost.addBuilderFromPackage('..');
  });

  it('can copy files', async () => {
    // A "run" can have multiple outputs, and contains progress information.
    const run = await architect.scheduleBuilder('@example/copy-file:copy', {
      source: 'package.json',
      destination: 'package-copy.json',
    });

    // The "result" member (of type BuilderOutput) is the next output.
    const output = await run.result;

    // Stop the builder from running. This stops Architect from keeping
    // the builder-associated states in memory, since builders keep waiting
    // to be scheduled.
    await run.stop();

    // Expect that the copied file is the same as its source.
    const sourceContent = await fs.readFile('package.json', 'utf8');
    const destinationContent = await fs.readFile('package-copy.json', 'utf8');
    expect(destinationContent).toBe(sourceContent);
  });
});

When running this test in your repo, you need the ts-node package. You can avoid this by renaming my-builder.spec.ts to my-builder.spec.js.

Watch mode

Architect expects builders to run once (by default) and return. This behavior is not entirely compatible with a builder that watches for changes (like Webpack, for example). Architect can support watch mode, but there are some things to look out for.

• To be used with watch mode, a builder handler function should return an Observable. Architect subscribes to the Observable until it completes and might reuse it if the builder is scheduled again with the same arguments.

• The builder should always emit a BuilderOutput object after each execution. Once it's been executed, it can enter a watch mode, to be triggered by an external event. If an event triggers it to restart, the builder should execute the context.reportRunning() function to tell Architect that it is running again. This prevents Architect from stopping the builder if another run is scheduled.

When your builder calls BuilderRun.stop() to exit watch mode, Architect unsubscribes from the builder's Observable and calls the builder's teardown logic to clean up. (This behavior also allows for long-running builds to be stopped and cleaned up.)

In general, if your builder is watching an external event, you should separate your run into three phases.

Phases	Details
Running	For example, webpack compiles. This ends when webpack finishes and your builder emits a BuilderOutput object.
Watching	Between two runs, watch an external event stream. For example, webpack watches the file system for any changes. This ends when webpack restarts building, and context.reportRunning() is called. This goes back to step 1.
Completion	Either the task is fully completed (for example, webpack was supposed to run a number of times), or the builder run was stopped (using BuilderRun.stop()). Your teardown logic is executed, and Architect unsubscribes from your builder's Observable.

Summary

The CLI Builder API provides a new way of changing the behavior of the Angular CLI by using builders to execute custom logic.

• Builders can be synchronous or asynchronous, execute once or watch for external events, and can schedule other builders or targets

• Builders have option defaults specified in the angular.json configuration file, which can be overwritten by an alternate configuration for the target, and further overwritten by command line flags

• We recommend that you use integration tests to test Architect builders. Use unit tests to validate the logic that the builder executes.

• If your builder returns an Observable, it should clean up in the teardown logic of that Observable