Complex scalar type for MatrixType.

This is std::complex<Scalar> if Scalar is real (e.g., float or double) and just Scalar if Scalar is complex.

Type for vector of eigenvalues as returned by eigenvalues().

This is a column vector with entries of type ComplexScalar. The length of the vector is the size of MatrixType.

Type for matrix of eigenvectors as returned by eigenvectors().

This is a square matrix with entries of type ComplexScalar. The size is the same as the size of MatrixType.

Deprecated:

since Eigen 3.3

Default constructor.

The default constructor is useful in cases in which the user intends to perform decompositions via EigenSolver::compute(const MatrixType&, bool).

See also

compute() for an example.

Default constructor with memory preallocation.

Like the default constructor but with preallocation of the internal data according to the specified problem size.

See also

EigenSolver()

Constructor; computes eigendecomposition of given matrix.

Parameters

[in]	matrix	Square matrix whose eigendecomposition is to be computed.
[in]	computeEigenvectors	If true, both the eigenvectors and the eigenvalues are computed; if false, only the eigenvalues are computed.

This constructor calls compute() to compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

Example:

MatrixXd A = MatrixXd::Random(6,6);
cout << "Here is a random 6x6 matrix, A:" << endl << A << endl << endl;
 
EigenSolver<MatrixXd> es(A);
cout << "The eigenvalues of A are:" << endl << es.eigenvalues() << endl;
cout << "The matrix of eigenvectors, V, is:" << endl << es.eigenvectors() << endl << endl;
 
complex<double> lambda = es.eigenvalues()[0];
cout << "Consider the first eigenvalue, lambda = " << lambda << endl;
VectorXcd v = es.eigenvectors().col(0);
cout << "If v is the corresponding eigenvector, then lambda * v = " << endl << lambda * v << endl;
cout << "... and A * v = " << endl << A.cast<complex<double> >() * v << endl << endl;
 
MatrixXcd D = es.eigenvalues().asDiagonal();
MatrixXcd V = es.eigenvectors();
cout << "Finally, V * D * V^(-1) = " << endl << V * D * V.inverse() << endl;

Output:

Here is a random 6x6 matrix, A:
   0.68   -0.33   -0.27  -0.717  -0.687  0.0259
 -0.211   0.536  0.0268   0.214  -0.198   0.678
  0.566  -0.444   0.904  -0.967   -0.74   0.225
  0.597   0.108   0.832  -0.514  -0.782  -0.408
  0.823 -0.0452   0.271  -0.726   0.998   0.275
 -0.605   0.258   0.435   0.608  -0.563  0.0486

The eigenvalues of A are:
  (0.049,1.06)
 (0.049,-1.06)
     (0.967,0)
     (0.353,0)
 (0.618,0.129)
(0.618,-0.129)
The matrix of eigenvectors, V, is:
 (-0.292,-0.454)   (-0.292,0.454)      (-0.0607,0)       (-0.733,0)    (0.59,-0.121)     (0.59,0.121)
  (0.134,-0.104)    (0.134,0.104)       (-0.799,0)        (0.136,0)    (0.334,0.368)   (0.334,-0.368)
  (-0.422,-0.18)    (-0.422,0.18)        (0.192,0)       (0.0563,0)  (-0.335,-0.143)   (-0.335,0.143)
 (-0.589,0.0274) (-0.589,-0.0274)      (-0.0788,0)       (-0.627,0)   (0.322,-0.155)    (0.322,0.155)
  (-0.248,0.132)  (-0.248,-0.132)        (0.401,0)        (0.218,0) (-0.335,-0.0761)  (-0.335,0.0761)
    (0.105,0.18)    (0.105,-0.18)       (-0.392,0)     (-0.00564,0)  (-0.0324,0.103) (-0.0324,-0.103)

Consider the first eigenvalue, lambda = (0.049,1.06)
If v is the corresponding eigenvector, then lambda * v = 
  (0.466,-0.331)
   (0.117,0.137)
   (0.17,-0.456)
(-0.0578,-0.622)
 (-0.152,-0.256)
   (-0.186,0.12)
... and A * v = 
  (0.466,-0.331)
   (0.117,0.137)
   (0.17,-0.456)
(-0.0578,-0.622)
 (-0.152,-0.256)
   (-0.186,0.12)

Finally, V * D * V^(-1) = 
   (0.68,-4.44e-16)   (-0.33,-5.55e-17)   (-0.27,-1.11e-16)  (-0.717,-4.44e-16)   (-0.687,8.88e-16)          (0.0259,0)
  (-0.211,2.22e-16)    (0.536,1.91e-17)          (0.0268,0)           (0.214,0)   (-0.198,1.33e-15)           (0.678,0)
   (0.566,2.22e-16)  (-0.444,-1.53e-16)   (0.904,-2.22e-16)  (-0.967,-1.11e-16)    (-0.74,4.44e-16)    (0.225,2.22e-16)
  (0.597,-2.22e-16)   (0.108,-2.78e-16)   (0.832,-2.22e-16)  (-0.514,-1.11e-16)          (-0.782,0)  (-0.408,-2.22e-16)
  (0.823,-2.22e-16) (-0.0452,-1.67e-16)           (0.271,0)   (-0.726,1.11e-16)   (0.998,-8.88e-16)    (0.275,4.44e-16)
  (-0.605,2.91e-16)   (0.258,-6.94e-18)   (0.435,-6.94e-17)    (0.608,1.39e-17)   (-0.563,5.27e-16)   (0.0486,7.11e-17)

See also

compute()

Computes eigendecomposition of given matrix.

Parameters

[in]	matrix	Square matrix whose eigendecomposition is to be computed.
[in]	computeEigenvectors	If true, both the eigenvectors and the eigenvalues are computed; if false, only the eigenvalues are computed.

Returns

Reference to *this

This function computes the eigenvalues of the real matrix matrix. The eigenvalues() function can be used to retrieve them. If computeEigenvectors is true, then the eigenvectors are also computed and can be retrieved by calling eigenvectors().

The matrix is first reduced to real Schur form using the RealSchur class. The Schur decomposition is then used to compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors.

The cost of the computation is dominated by the cost of the Schur decomposition, which is very approximately \( 25n^3 \) (where \( n \) is the size of the matrix) if computeEigenvectors is true, and \( 10n^3 \) if computeEigenvectors is false.

This method reuses of the allocated data in the EigenSolver object.

Example:

EigenSolver<MatrixXf> es;
MatrixXf A = MatrixXf::Random(4,4);
es.compute(A, /* computeEigenvectors = */ false);
cout << "The eigenvalues of A are: " << es.eigenvalues().transpose() << endl;
es.compute(A + MatrixXf::Identity(4,4), false); // re-use es to compute eigenvalues of A+I
cout << "The eigenvalues of A+I are: " << es.eigenvalues().transpose() << endl;

Output:

The eigenvalues of A are:    (0.755,0.528)   (0.755,-0.528)  (-0.323,0.0965) (-0.323,-0.0965)
The eigenvalues of A+I are:    (1.75,0.528)   (1.75,-0.528)  (0.677,0.0965) (0.677,-0.0965)

Returns the eigenvalues of given matrix.

Returns

A const reference to the column vector containing the eigenvalues.

Precondition

Either the constructor EigenSolver(const MatrixType&,bool) or the member function compute(const MatrixType&, bool) has been called before.

The eigenvalues are repeated according to their algebraic multiplicity, so there are as many eigenvalues as rows in the matrix. The eigenvalues are not sorted in any particular order.

Example:

MatrixXd ones = MatrixXd::Ones(3,3);
EigenSolver<MatrixXd> es(ones, false);
cout << "The eigenvalues of the 3x3 matrix of ones are:" 
     << endl << es.eigenvalues() << endl;

Output:

The eigenvalues of the 3x3 matrix of ones are:
(-5.31e-17,0)
        (3,0)
        (0,0)

See also

eigenvectors(), pseudoEigenvalueMatrix(), MatrixBase::eigenvalues()

Returns the eigenvectors of given matrix.

Returns

Matrix whose columns are the (possibly complex) eigenvectors.

Precondition

Either the constructor EigenSolver(const MatrixType&,bool) or the member function compute(const MatrixType&, bool) has been called before, and computeEigenvectors was set to true (the default).

Column \( k \) of the returned matrix is an eigenvector corresponding to eigenvalue number \( k \) as returned by eigenvalues(). The eigenvectors are normalized to have (Euclidean) norm equal to one. The matrix returned by this function is the matrix \( V \) in the eigendecomposition \( A = V D V^{-1} \), if it exists.

Example:

MatrixXd ones = MatrixXd::Ones(3,3);
EigenSolver<MatrixXd> es(ones);
cout << "The first eigenvector of the 3x3 matrix of ones is:"
     << endl << es.eigenvectors().col(0) << endl;

Output:

The first eigenvector of the 3x3 matrix of ones is:
(-0.816,0)
 (0.408,0)
 (0.408,0)

See also

eigenvalues(), pseudoEigenvectors()

Returns

NumericalIssue if the input contains INF or NaN values or overflow occurred. Returns Success otherwise.

Returns the block-diagonal matrix in the pseudo-eigendecomposition.

Returns

A block-diagonal matrix.

Precondition

Either the constructor EigenSolver(const MatrixType&,bool) or the member function compute(const MatrixType&, bool) has been called before.

The matrix \( D \) returned by this function is real and block-diagonal. The blocks on the diagonal are either 1-by-1 or 2-by-2 blocks of the form \( \begin{bmatrix} u & v \\ -v & u \end{bmatrix} \). These blocks are not sorted in any particular order. The matrix \( D \) and the matrix \( V \) returned by pseudoEigenvectors() satisfy \( AV = VD \).

See also

pseudoEigenvectors() for an example, eigenvalues()

Returns the pseudo-eigenvectors of given matrix.

Returns

Const reference to matrix whose columns are the pseudo-eigenvectors.

Precondition

Either the constructor EigenSolver(const MatrixType&,bool) or the member function compute(const MatrixType&, bool) has been called before, and computeEigenvectors was set to true (the default).

The real matrix \( V \) returned by this function and the block-diagonal matrix \( D \) returned by pseudoEigenvalueMatrix() satisfy \( AV = VD \).

Example:

MatrixXd A = MatrixXd::Random(6,6);
cout << "Here is a random 6x6 matrix, A:" << endl << A << endl << endl;
 
EigenSolver<MatrixXd> es(A);
MatrixXd D = es.pseudoEigenvalueMatrix();
MatrixXd V = es.pseudoEigenvectors();
cout << "The pseudo-eigenvalue matrix D is:" << endl << D << endl;
cout << "The pseudo-eigenvector matrix V is:" << endl << V << endl;
cout << "Finally, V * D * V^(-1) = " << endl << V * D * V.inverse() << endl;

Output:

Here is a random 6x6 matrix, A:
   0.68   -0.33   -0.27  -0.717  -0.687  0.0259
 -0.211   0.536  0.0268   0.214  -0.198   0.678
  0.566  -0.444   0.904  -0.967   -0.74   0.225
  0.597   0.108   0.832  -0.514  -0.782  -0.408
  0.823 -0.0452   0.271  -0.726   0.998   0.275
 -0.605   0.258   0.435   0.608  -0.563  0.0486

The pseudo-eigenvalue matrix D is:
 0.049   1.06      0      0      0      0
 -1.06  0.049      0      0      0      0
     0      0  0.967      0      0      0
     0      0      0  0.353      0      0
     0      0      0      0  0.618  0.129
     0      0      0      0 -0.129  0.618
The pseudo-eigenvector matrix V is:
  -0.571   -0.888   -0.066    -1.13     17.2    -3.53
   0.263   -0.204   -0.869     0.21     9.73     10.7
  -0.827   -0.352    0.209   0.0871    -9.74    -4.17
   -1.15   0.0535  -0.0857   -0.971     9.36    -4.52
  -0.485    0.258    0.436    0.337    -9.74    -2.21
   0.206    0.353   -0.426 -0.00873   -0.944     2.98
Finally, V * D * V^(-1) = 
   0.68   -0.33   -0.27  -0.717  -0.687  0.0259
 -0.211   0.536  0.0268   0.214  -0.198   0.678
  0.566  -0.444   0.904  -0.967   -0.74   0.225
  0.597   0.108   0.832  -0.514  -0.782  -0.408
  0.823 -0.0452   0.271  -0.726   0.998   0.275
 -0.605   0.258   0.435   0.608  -0.563  0.0486

See also

pseudoEigenvalueMatrix(), eigenvectors()