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Overlay Properties

Overlay properties are like text properties in that the properties that alter how a character is displayed can come from either source. But in most respects they are different. See Text Properties, for comparison.

Text properties are considered a part of the text; overlays and their properties are specifically considered not to be part of the text. Thus, copying text between various buffers and strings preserves text properties, but does not try to preserve overlays. Changing a buffer’s text properties marks the buffer as modified, while moving an overlay or changing its properties does not. Unlike text property changes, overlay property changes are not recorded in the buffer’s undo list.

Since more than one overlay can specify a property value for the same character, Emacs lets you specify a priority value of each overlay. The priority value is used to decide which of the overlapping overlays will “win”.

These functions read and set the properties of an overlay:

Function: overlay-get overlay prop

This function returns the value of property prop recorded in overlay, if any. If overlay does not record any value for that property, but it does have a category property which is a symbol, that symbol’s prop property is used. Otherwise, the value is nil.

Function: overlay-put overlay prop value

This function sets the value of property prop recorded in overlay to value. It returns value.

Function: overlay-properties overlay

This returns a copy of the property list of overlay.

See also the function get-char-property which checks both overlay properties and text properties for a given character. See Examining Properties.

Many overlay properties have special meanings; here is a table of them:

priority

This property’s value determines the priority of the overlay. If you want to specify a priority value, use either nil (or zero), or a positive integer. Any other value has undefined behavior.

The priority matters when two or more overlays cover the same character and both specify the same property; the one whose priority value is larger overrides the other. (For the face property, the higher priority overlay’s value does not completely override the other value; instead, its face attributes override the face attributes of the lower priority face property.) If two overlays have the same priority value, and one is nested in the other, then the inner one will prevail over the outer one. If neither is nested in the other then you should not make assumptions about which overlay will prevail.

Currently, all overlays take priority over text properties.

Note that Emacs sometimes uses non-numeric priority values for some of its internal overlays, so do not try to do arithmetic on the priority of an overlay (unless it is one that you created). In particular, the overlay used for showing the region uses a priority value of the form (primary . secondary), where the primary value is used as described above, and secondary is the fallback value used when primary and the nesting considerations fail to resolve the precedence between overlays. However, you are advised not to design Lisp programs based on this implementation detail; if you need to put overlays in priority order, use the sorted argument of overlays-at. See Finding Overlays.

window

If the window property is non-nil, then the overlay applies only on that window.

category

If an overlay has a category property, we call it the category of the overlay. It should be a symbol. The properties of the symbol serve as defaults for the properties of the overlay.

face

This property controls the appearance of the text (see Faces). The value of the property can be the following:

• A face name (a symbol or string).
• An anonymous face: a property list of the form (keyword value …), where each keyword is a face attribute name and value is a value for that attribute.
• A list of faces. Each list element should be either a face name or an anonymous face. This specifies a face which is an aggregate of the attributes of each of the listed faces. Faces occurring earlier in the list have higher priority.
• A cons cell of the form (foreground-color . color-name) or (background-color . color-name). This specifies the foreground or background color, similar to (:foreground color-name) or (:background color-name). This form is supported for backward compatibility only, and should be avoided.

mouse-face

This property is used instead of face when the mouse is within the range of the overlay. However, Emacs ignores all face attributes from this property that alter the text size (e.g., :height, :weight, and :slant). Those attributes are always the same as in the unhighlighted text.

display

This property activates various features that change the way text is displayed. For example, it can make text appear taller or shorter, higher or lower, wider or narrower, or replaced with an image. See Display Property.

help-echo

If an overlay has a help-echo property, then when you move the mouse onto the text in the overlay, Emacs displays a help string in the echo area, or in the tooltip window. For details see Text help-echo.

field

Consecutive characters with the same field property constitute a field. Some motion functions including forward-word and beginning-of-line stop moving at a field boundary. See Fields.

modification-hooks

This property’s value is a list of functions to be called if any character within the overlay is changed or if text is inserted strictly within the overlay.

The hook functions are called both before and after each change. If the functions save the information they receive, and compare notes between calls, they can determine exactly what change has been made in the buffer text.

When called before a change, each function receives four arguments: the overlay, nil, and the beginning and end of the text range to be modified.

When called after a change, each function receives five arguments: the overlay, t, the beginning and end of the text range just modified, and the length of the pre-change text replaced by that range. (For an insertion, the pre-change length is zero; for a deletion, that length is the number of characters deleted, and the post-change beginning and end are equal.)

When these functions are called, inhibit-modification-hooks is bound to non-nil. If the functions modify the buffer, you might want to bind inhibit-modification-hooks to nil, so as to cause the change hooks to run for these modifications. However, doing this may call your own change hook recursively, so be sure to prepare for that. See Change Hooks.

Text properties also support the modification-hooks property, but the details are somewhat different (see Special Properties).

insert-in-front-hooks

This property’s value is a list of functions to be called before and after inserting text right at the beginning of the overlay. The calling conventions are the same as for the modification-hooks functions.

insert-behind-hooks

This property’s value is a list of functions to be called before and after inserting text right at the end of the overlay. The calling conventions are the same as for the modification-hooks functions.

invisible

The invisible property can make the text in the overlay invisible, which means that it does not appear on the screen. See Invisible Text, for details.

intangible

The intangible property on an overlay works just like the intangible text property. It is obsolete. See Special Properties, for details.

isearch-open-invisible

This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay visible, permanently, if the final match overlaps it. See Invisible Text.

isearch-open-invisible-temporary

This property tells incremental search how to make an invisible overlay visible, temporarily, during the search. See Invisible Text.

before-string

This property’s value is a string to add to the display at the beginning of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any sense—only on the screen.

after-string

This property’s value is a string to add to the display at the end of the overlay. The string does not appear in the buffer in any sense—only on the screen.

line-prefix

This property specifies a display spec to prepend to each non-continuation line at display-time. See Truncation.

wrap-prefix

This property specifies a display spec to prepend to each continuation line at display-time. See Truncation.

evaporate

If this property is non-nil, the overlay is deleted automatically if it becomes empty (i.e., if its length becomes zero). If you give an empty overlay (see empty overlay) a non-nil evaporate property, that deletes it immediately. Note that, unless an overlay has this property, it will not be deleted when the text between its starting and ending positions is deleted from the buffer.

keymap

If this property is non-nil, it specifies a keymap for a portion of the text. This keymap is used when the character after point is within the overlay, and takes precedence over most other keymaps. See Active Keymaps.

local-map

The local-map property is similar to keymap but replaces the buffer’s local map rather than augmenting existing keymaps. This also means it has lower precedence than minor mode keymaps.

The keymap and local-map properties do not affect a string displayed by the before-string, after-string, or display properties. This is only relevant for mouse clicks and other mouse events that fall on the string, since point is never on the string. To bind special mouse events for the string, assign it a keymap or local-map text property. See Special Properties.