RangeError: Exponent must be positive (V8-based)
RangeError: BigInt negative exponent (Firefox)
RangeError: Negative exponent is not allowed (Safari)

RangeError.

The exponent of an exponentiation operation must be positive. Since negative exponents would take the reciprocal of the base, the result will be between -1 and 1 in almost all cases, which gets rounded to 0n. To catch mistakes, negative exponents are not allowed. Check if the exponent is non-negative before doing exponentiation.

const a = 1n;
const b = -1n;
const c = a ** b;
// RangeError: BigInt negative exponent

Instead, check if the exponent is negative first, and either issue an error with a better message, or fallback to a different value, like 0n or undefined.

const a = 1n;
const b = -1n;
const quotient = b >= 0n ? a ** b : 0n;

• BigInt
• Exponentiation (**)