A loader is just a JavaScript module that exports a function. The loader runner calls this function and passes the result of the previous loader or the resource file into it. The this context of the function is filled-in by webpack and the loader runner with some useful methods that allow the loader (among other things) to change its invocation style to async, or get query parameters.
The first loader is passed one argument: the content of the resource file. The compiler expects a result from the last loader. The result should be a String or a Buffer (which is converted to a string), representing the JavaScript source code of the module. An optional SourceMap result (as JSON object) may also be passed.
A single result can be returned in sync mode. For multiple results the this.callback() must be called. In async mode this.async() must be called to indicate that the loader runner should wait for an asynchronous result. It returns this.callback(). Then the loader must return undefined and call that callback.
The following sections provide some basic examples of the different types of loaders. Note that the map and meta parameters are optional, see this.callback below.
Either return or this.callback can be used to return the transformed content synchronously:
sync-loader.js
module.exports = function(content, map, meta) {
return someSyncOperation(content);
};
The this.callback method is more flexible as it allows multiple arguments to be passed as opposed to just the content.
sync-loader-with-multiple-results.js
module.exports = function(content, map, meta) {
this.callback(null, someSyncOperation(content), map, meta);
return; // always return undefined when calling callback()
};
For asynchronous loaders, this.async is used to retrieve the callback function:
async-loader.js
module.exports = function(content, map, meta) {
var callback = this.async();
someAsyncOperation(content, function(err, result) {
if (err) return callback(err);
callback(null, result, map, meta);
});
};
async-loader-with-multiple-results.js
module.exports = function(content, map, meta) {
var callback = this.async();
someAsyncOperation(content, function(err, result, sourceMaps, meta) {
if (err) return callback(err);
callback(null, result, sourceMaps, meta);
});
};
Loaders were originally designed to work in synchronous loader pipelines, like Node.js (using enhanced-require), and asynchronous pipelines, like in webpack. However, since expensive synchronous computations are a bad idea in a single-threaded environment like Node.js, we advise to make your loader asynchronously if possible. Synchronous loaders are ok if the amount of computation is trivial.
By default, the resource file is converted to a UTF-8 string and passed to the loader. By setting the raw flag, the loader will receive the raw Buffer. Every loader is allowed to deliver its result as String or as Buffer. The compiler converts them between loaders.
raw-loader.js
module.exports = function(content) {
assert(content instanceof Buffer);
return someSyncOperation(content);
// return value can be a `Buffer` too
// This is also allowed if loader is not "raw"
};
module.exports.raw = true;
Loaders are always called from right to left. There are some instances where the loader only cares about the metadata behind a request and can ignore the results of the previous loader. The pitch method on loaders is called from left to right before the loaders are actually executed (from right to left). For the following use configuration:
module.exports = {
//...
module: {
rules: [
{
//...
use: [
'a-loader',
'b-loader',
'c-loader'
]
}
]
}
};
These steps would occur:
|- a-loader `pitch`
|- b-loader `pitch`
|- c-loader `pitch`
|- requested module is picked up as a dependency
|- c-loader normal execution
|- b-loader normal execution
|- a-loader normal execution
So why might a loader take advantage of the "pitching" phase?
First, the data passed to the pitch method is exposed in the execution phase as well under this.data and could be useful for capturing and sharing information from earlier in the cycle.
module.exports = function(content) {
return someSyncOperation(content, this.data.value);
};
module.exports.pitch = function(remainingRequest, precedingRequest, data) {
data.value = 42;
};
Second, if a loader delivers a result in the pitch method the process turns around and skips the remaining loaders. In our example above, if the b-loaders pitch method returned something:
module.exports = function(content) {
return someSyncOperation(content);
};
module.exports.pitch = function(remainingRequest, precedingRequest, data) {
if (someCondition()) {
return 'module.exports = require(' + JSON.stringify('-!' + remainingRequest) + ');';
}
};
The steps above would be shortened to:
|- a-loader `pitch` |- b-loader `pitch` returns a module |- a-loader normal execution
See the bundle-loader for a good example of how this process can be used in a more meaningful way.
The loader context represents the properties that are available inside of a loader assigned to the this property.
Given the following example this require call is used: In /abc/file.js:
require('./loader1?xyz!loader2!./resource?rrr');
this.version Loader API version. Currently 2. This is useful for providing backwards compatibility. Using the version you can specify custom logic or fallbacks for breaking changes.
this.context The directory of the module. Can be used as context for resolving other stuff.
In the example: /abc because resource.js is in this directory
this.rootContext Starting with webpack 4, the formerly this.options.context is provided as this.rootContext.
this.request The resolved request string.
In the example: "/abc/loader1.js?xyz!/abc/node_modules/loader2/index.js!/abc/resource.js?rrr"
this.query options object, this will point to that object.options, but was invoked with a query string, this will be a string starting with ?.Use thegetOptionsmethod fromloader-utilsto extract given loader options.
this.callback A function that can be called synchronously or asynchronously in order to return multiple results. The expected arguments are:
this.callback( err: Error | null, content: string | Buffer, sourceMap?: SourceMap, meta?: any );
Error or null
string or a Buffer.It can be useful to pass an abstract syntax tree (AST), likeESTree, as the fourth argument (meta) to speed up the build time if you want to share common ASTs between loaders.
In case this function is called, you should return undefined to avoid ambiguous loader results.
this.async Tells the loader-runner that the loader intends to call back asynchronously. Returns this.callback.
this.data A data object shared between the pitch and the normal phase.
this.cacheable A function that sets the cacheable flag:
cacheable(flag = true: boolean)
By default, loader results are flagged as cacheable. Call this method passing false to make the loader's result not cacheable.
A cacheable loader must have a deterministic result, when inputs and dependencies haven't changed. This means the loader shouldn't have other dependencies than specified with this.addDependency.
this.loaders An array of all the loaders. It is writeable in the pitch phase.
loaders = [{request: string, path: string, query: string, module: function}]
In the example:
[
{
request: '/abc/loader1.js?xyz',
path: '/abc/loader1.js',
query: '?xyz',
module: [Function]
},
{
request: '/abc/node_modules/loader2/index.js',
path: '/abc/node_modules/loader2/index.js',
query: '',
module: [Function]
}
];
this.loaderIndex The index in the loaders array of the current loader.
In the example: in loader1: 0, in loader2: 1
this.resource The resource part of the request, including query.
In the example: "/abc/resource.js?rrr"
this.resourcePath The resource file.
In the example: "/abc/resource.js"
this.resourceQuery The query of the resource.
In the example: "?rrr"
this.target Target of compilation. Passed from configuration options.
Example values: "web", "node"
this.webpack This boolean is set to true when this is compiled by webpack.
Loaders were originally designed to also work as Babel transforms. Therefore if you write a loader that works for both, you can use this property to know if there is access to additional loaderContext and webpack features.
this.sourceMap Should a source map be generated. Since generating source maps can be an expensive task, you should check if source maps are actually requested.
this.emitWarning emitWarning(warning: Error)
Emit a warning.
this.emitError emitError(error: Error)
Emit an error.
this.loadModule loadModule(request: string, callback: function(err, source, sourceMap, module))
Resolves the given request to a module, applies all configured loaders and calls back with the generated source, the sourceMap and the module instance (usually an instance of NormalModule). Use this function if you need to know the source code of another module to generate the result.
this.resolve resolve(context: string, request: string, callback: function(err, result: string))
Resolve a request like a require expression.
this.addDependency addDependency(file: string) dependency(file: string) // shortcut
Adds a file as dependency of the loader result in order to make them watchable. For example, html-loader uses this technique as it finds src and src-set attributes. Then, it sets the url's for those attributes as dependencies of the html file that is parsed.
this.addContextDependency addContextDependency(directory: string)
Add a directory as dependency of the loader result.
this.clearDependencies clearDependencies()
Remove all dependencies of the loader result. Even initial dependencies and these of other loaders. Consider using pitch.
this.emitFile emitFile(name: string, content: Buffer|string, sourceMap: {...})
Emit a file. This is webpack-specific.
this.fs Access to the compilation's inputFileSystem property.
The usage of these properties is highly discouraged since we are planning to remove them from the context. They are still listed here for documentation purposes.
this.exec exec(code: string, filename: string)
Execute some code fragment like a module. See this comment for a replacement method if needed.
this.resolveSync resolveSync(context: string, request: string) -> string
Resolve a request like a require expression.
this.value Pass values to the next loader. If you know what your result exports if executed as module, set this value here (as a only element array).
this.inputValue Passed from the last loader. If you would execute the input argument as module, consider reading this variable for a shortcut (for performance).
this.options The options property has been deprecated in webpack 3 and removed in webpack 4.
this.debug A boolean flag. It is set when in debug mode.
this.minimize Should the result be minimized.
this._compilation Hacky access to the Compilation object of webpack.
this._compiler Hacky access to the Compiler object of webpack.
this._module Hacky access to the Module object being loaded.
© JS Foundation and other contributors
Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.
https://webpack.js.org/api/loaders