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wcrtomb, wcrtomb_s

Defined in header `<wchar.h>`
	(1)
size_t wcrtomb( char s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t ps);		(since C95)
size_t wcrtomb( char restrict s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t restrict ps);		(since C99)
errno_t wcrtomb_s(size_t restrict retval, char restrict s, rsize_t ssz, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t *restrict ps);	(2)	(since C11)

Converts a wide character to its narrow multibyte representation.

1) If s is not a null pointer, the function determines the number of bytes necessary to store the multibyte character representation of wc (including any shift sequences, and taking into account the current multibyte conversion state *ps), and stores the multibyte character representation in the character array whose first element is pointed to by s, updating *ps as necessary. At most MB_CUR_MAX bytes can be written by this function.

If s is a null pointer, the call is equivalent to wcrtomb(buf, L'\0', ps) for some internal buffer buf.

If wc is the null wide character L'\0', a null byte is stored, preceded by any shift sequence necessary to restore the initial shift state and the conversion state parameter *ps is updated to represent the initial shift state.

If the environment macro __STDC_ISO_10646__ is defined, the values of type wchar_t are the same as the short identifiers of the characters in the Unicode required set (typically UTF-32 encoding); otherwise, it is implementation-defined. In any case, the multibyte character encoding used by this function is specified by the currently active C locale.

2) Same as (1), except that

if s is a null pointer, the call is equivalent to wcrtomb_s(&retval, buf, sizeof buf, L'\0', ps) with internal variables retval and buf (whose size is greater than MB_CUR_MAX)

the result is returned in the out-parameter retval

the following errors are detected at runtime and call the currently installed constraint handler function:

retval or ps is a null pointer.
ssz is zero or greater than RSIZE_MAX (unless s is null)
ssz is less than the number of bytes that would be written (unless s is null)
s is a null pointer but ssz is not zero

As with all bounds-checked functions, wcrtomb_s is only guaranteed to be available if __STDC_LIB_EXT1__ is defined by the implementation and if the user defines __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__ to the integer constant 1 before including <wchar.h>.

Parameters

s	-	pointer to narrow character array where the multibyte character will be stored
wc	-	the wide character to convert
ps	-	pointer to the conversion state object used when interpreting the multibyte string
ssz	-	max number of bytes to write (the size of the buffer `s`)
retval	-	pointer to an out-parameter where the result (number of bytes in the multibyte string including any shift sequences) will be stored

Return value

1) On success, returns the number of bytes (including any shift sequences) written to the character array whose first element is pointed to by s.

On failure (if wc is not a valid wide character), returns (size_t)-1, stores EILSEQ in errno, and leaves *ps in unspecified state.

2) Returns zero on success and non-zero on failure, in which case, s[0] is set to '\0' (unless s is null or ssz is zero or greater than RSIZE_MAX) and *retval is set to (size_t)-1 (unless retval is null)

Example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <locale.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <wchar.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
 
int main(void)
{
    setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");
    mbstate_t state;
    memset(&state, 0, sizeof state);
    wchar_t in[] = L"zß水🍌"; // or "z\u00df\u6c34\U0001F34C"
    size_t in_sz = sizeof in / sizeof *in;
 
    printf("Processing %zu wchar_t units: [ ", in_sz);
    for(size_t n = 0; n < in_sz; ++n) printf("%#x ", (unsigned int)in[n]);
    puts("]");
 
    char out[MB_CUR_MAX * in_sz];
    char *p = out;
    for(size_t n = 0; n < in_sz; ++n) {
        int rc = wcrtomb(p, in[n], &state); 
        if(rc == -1) break;
        p += rc;
    }
 
    size_t out_sz = p - out;
    printf("into %zu UTF-8 code units: [ ", out_sz);
    for(size_t x = 0; x < out_sz; ++x) printf("%#x ", +(unsigned char)out[x]);
    puts("]");
}

Output:

Processing 5 wchar_t units: [ 0x7a 0xdf 0x6c34 0x1f34c 0 ]
into 11 UTF-8 code units: [ 0x7a 0xc3 0x9f 0xe6 0xb0 0xb4 0xf0 0x9f 0x8d 0x8c 0 ]

References

C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

7.29.6.3.3 The wcrtomb function (p: 444)
K.3.9.3.1.1 The wcrtomb_s function (p: 647-648)

C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

7.24.6.3.3 The wcrtomb function (p: 390)

wctombwctomb_s (C11)	converts a wide character to its multibyte representation (function)
mbrtowc (C95)	converts the next multibyte character to wide character, given state (function)
C++ documentation for `wcrtomb`

wcrtomb, wcrtomb_s

Parameters

Return value

Example

References

See also