Default constructors

A default constructor is a constructor which can be called with no arguments.

Syntax

Explanation

Default constructors are called during default initializations and value initializations.

Implicitly-declared default constructor

If no user-declared constructors of any kind are provided for a class type, the compiler will always declare a default constructor as an inline public member of its class.

The implicitly-declared (or defaulted on its first declaration) default constructor has an exception specification as described in dynamic exception specification(until C++17) noexcept specification(since C++17).

Implicitly-defined default constructor

If the constructor is implicitly-declared(until C++11)the implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted default constructor is not defined as deleted(since C++11), it is defined (that is, a function body is generated and compiled) by the compiler if odr-used or needed for constant evaluation(since C++11), and it has the same effect as a user-defined constructor with empty body and empty initializer list. That is, it calls the default constructors of the bases and of the non-static members of this class. Class types with an empty user-provided constructor may get treated differently than those with an implicitly-defined default constructor during value initialization.

Deleted default constructor

The implicitly-declared or explicitly-defaulted(since C++11) default constructor for class T is undefined(until C++11)defined as deleted(since C++11) if any of the following conditions is satisfied:

• T is a union and all of its variant members are of const-qualified type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof).
• T is a non-union class and all members of any anonymous union member are of const-qualified type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof).
• T has a non-static data member of reference type without a default initializer(since C++11).
• T has a non-variant non-static non-const-default-constructible data member of const-qualified type (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) without a default member initializer(since C++11).
• T has a potentially constructed subobject of class type M (or possibly multi-dimensional array thereof) such that
• M has a destructor that is deleted or(since C++11) inaccessible from the default constructor, or
• all of the following conditions are satisfied:

• The overload resolution as applied to find M's default constructor
• does not result in a usable candidate, or
• in the case of the subobject being a variant member, selects a non-trivial function.

Trivial default constructor

The default constructor for class T is trivial (i.e. performs no action) if all of the following is true:

• The constructor is not user-provided (i.e., is implicitly-defined or defaulted on its first declaration).
• T has no virtual member functions.
• T has no virtual base classes.

• Every direct base of T has a trivial default constructor.
• Every non-static member of class type (or array thereof) has a trivial default constructor.

A trivial default constructor is a constructor that performs no action. All data types compatible with the C language (POD types) are trivially default-constructible.

Eligible default constructor

Triviality of eligible default constructors determines whether the class is an implicit-lifetime type, and whether the class is a trivial type.

Example

struct A
{
    int x;
    A(int x = 1): x(x) {} // user-defined default constructor
};
 
struct B : A
{
    // B::B() is implicitly-defined, calls A::A()
};
 
struct C
{
    A a;
    // C::C() is implicitly-defined, calls A::A()
};
 
struct D : A
{
    D(int y) : A(y) {}
    // D::D() is not declared because another constructor exists
};
 
struct E : A
{
    E(int y) : A(y) {}
    E() = default; // explicitly defaulted, calls A::A()
};
 
struct F
{
    int& ref; // reference member
    const int c; // const member
    // F::F() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
// user declared copy constructor (either user-provided, deleted or defaulted)
// prevents the implicit generation of a default constructor
 
struct G
{
    G(const G&) {}
    // G::G() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
struct H
{
    H(const H&) = delete;
    // H::H() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
struct I
{
    I(const I&) = default;
    // I::I() is implicitly defined as deleted
};
 
int main()
{
    A a;
    B b;
    C c;
//  D d; // compile error
    E e;
//  F f; // compile error
//  G g; // compile error
//  H h; // compile error
//  I i; // compile error
}

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

See also

• constructor
• initialization
  • aggregate initialization
  • constant initialization
  • copy initialization
  • default initialization
  • direct initialization
  • list initialization
  • reference initialization
  • value initialization
  • zero initialization
• new