the flex-direction property can take one of four values:

• row
• column
• row-reverse
• column-reverse

The first two values keep the items in the same order that they appear in the document source order and display them sequentially from the start line.

The second two values reverse the items by switching the start and end lines.

Remember that the start line relates to writing modes. The row-related examples above demonstrate how row and row-reverse work in a left-to-right language such as English. If you are working in a right-to-left language like Arabic then row would start on the right, row-reverse on the left.

This can seem like a neat way to display things in reverse order however you should be mindful that the items are only visually displayed in reverse order. The specification says the following on this matter:

"Note: The reordering capabilities of flex layout intentionally affect only the visual rendering, leaving speech order and navigation based on the source order. This allows authors to manipulate the visual presentation while leaving the source order intact for non-CSS UAs and for linear models such as speech and sequential navigation." - Ordering and Orientation

If your items were links or some other element that the user could tab to, then the tabbing order would be the order that these items appear in the document source — not your visual order.

If you are using a reverse value, or otherwise reordering your items, you should consider whether you actually need to change the logical order in the source. The specification continues with a warning not to use reordering to fix issues in your source:

"Authors must not use order or the *-reverse values of flex-flow/flex-direction as a substitute for correct source ordering, as that can ruin the accessibility of the document."

In the live example below I have added a focus style in order that as you tab from link to link you can see which is highlighted. If you change the order using flex-direction you can see how the tab order continues to follow the order that the items are listed in the source.

In the same way that changing the value of flex-direction does not change the order in which items are navigated to, changing this value does not change paint order. It is a visual reversal of the items only.

In addition to reversing the order in which flex items are visually displayed, you can target individual items and change where they appear in the visual order with the order property.

The order property is designed to lay the items out in ordinal groups. What this means is that items are assigned an integer that represents their group. The items are then placed in the visual order according to that integer, lowest values first. If more than one item has the same integer value, then within that group the items are laid out as per source order.

As an example, I have 5 flex items, and assign order values as follows:

• Source item 1: order: 2
• Source item 2: order: 3
• Source item 3: order: 1
• Source item 4: order: 3
• Source item 5: order: 1

These items would be displayed on the page in the following order:

• Source item 3: order: 1
• Source item 5: order: 1
• Source item 1: order: 2
• Source item 2: order: 3
• Source item 4: order: 3

You can play around with the values in this live example below and see how that changes the order. Also, try changing flex-direction to row-reverse and see what happens — the start line is switched so the ordering begins from the opposite side.

Flex items have a default order value of 0, therefore items with an integer value greater than 0 will be displayed after any items that have not been given an explicit order value.

You can also use negative values with order, which can be quite useful. If you want to make one item display first and leave the order of all other items unchanged, you can give that item order of -1. As this is lower than 0 the item will always be displayed first.

In the live code example below I have items laid out using Flexbox. By changing which item has the class active assigned to it in the HTML, you can change which item displays first and therefore becomes full width at the top of the layout, with the other items displaying below it.

The items are displayed in what is described in the specification as order-modified document order. The value of the order property is taken into account before the items are displayed.

Order also changes the paint order of the items; items with a lower value for order will be painted first and those with a higher value for order painted afterwards.

Use of the order property has exactly the same implications for accessibility as changing the direction with flex-direction. Using order changes the order in which items are painted, and the order in which they appear visually. It does not change the sequential navigation order of the items. Therefore if a user is tabbing between the items, they could find themselves jumping around your layout in a very confusing way.

By tabbing around any of the live examples on this page, you can see how order is potentially creating a strange experience for anyone not using a pointing device of some kind. To read more about this disconnect of visual order and logical order and some of the potential problems it raises for accessibility, see the following resources.

• Flexbox and the keyboard navigation disconnect
• HTML Source Order vs CSS Display Order
• The Responsive Order Conflict for Keyboard Focus

There are sometimes places where the fact that the logical and therefore reading order of flex items is separate from the visual order, is helpful. Used carefully the order property can allow for some useful common patterns to be easily implemented.

You might have a design, perhaps a card that will display a news item. The heading of the news item is the key thing to highlight and would be the element that a user might jump to if they were tabbing between headings to find the content they wanted to read. The card also has a date; the finished design we want to create is something like this.

Visually the date appears above the heading, in the source. However, if the card was read out by a screen reader I would prefer that the title was announced first and then the publication date. We can make this so using the order property.

The card is going to be our flex container, with flex-direction set to column. I then give the date an order of -1. This pulls it up above the heading.

These small tweaks are the sort of cases where the order property makes sense. Keep the logical order as the reading and tab order of the document, and maintain that in the most accessible and structured fashion. Then use order for purely visual design tweaks. When doing so take care that you are not reordering items that could be accessed by the keyboard as a user is tabbing around. Especially when using newer layout methods you should ensure that your browser testing includes testing the site using only a keyboard, rather than a mouse or a touchscreen. You will quickly see if your development choices make getting around the content difficult.