A JavaScript date is fundamentally specified as the time in milliseconds that has elapsed since the epoch, which is defined as the midnight at the beginning of January 1, 1970, UTC (equivalent to the UNIX epoch). This timestamp is timezone-agnostic and uniquely defines an instant in history.

The maximum timestamp representable by a Date object is slightly smaller than the maximum safe integer (Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER, which is 9,007,199,254,740,991). A Date object can represent a maximum of ±8,640,000,000,000,000 milliseconds, or ±100,000,000 (one hundred million) days, relative to the epoch. This is the range from April 20, 271821 BC to September 13, 275760 AD. Any attempt to represent a time outside this range results in the Date object holding a timestamp value of NaN, which is an "Invalid Date".

console.log(new Date(8.64e15).toString()); // "Sat Sep 13 275760 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time)"
console.log(new Date(8.64e15 + 1).toString()); // "Invalid Date"

There are various methods that allow you to interact with the timestamp stored in the date:

• You can interact with the timestamp value directly using the getTime() and setTime() methods.
• The valueOf() and [@@toPrimitive]() (when passed "number") methods — which are automatically called in number coercion — return the timestamp, causing Date objects to behave like their timestamps when used in number contexts.
• All static methods (Date.now(), Date.parse(), and Date.UTC()) return timestamps instead of Date objects.
• The Date() constructor can be called with a timestamp as the only argument.

A date is represented internally as a single number, the timestamp. When interacting with it, the timestamp needs to be interpreted as a structured date-and-time representation. There are always two ways to interpret a timestamp: as a local time or as a Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the global standard time defined by the World Time Standard. The local timezone is not stored in the date object, but is determined by the host environment (user's device).

For example, the timestamp 0 represents a unique instant in history, but it can be interpreted in two ways:

• As a UTC time, it is midnight at the beginning of January 1, 1970, UTC,
• As a local time in New York (UTC-5), it is 19:00:00 on December 31, 1969.

The getTimezoneOffset() method returns the difference between UTC and the local time in minutes. Note that the timezone offset does not only depend on the current timezone, but also on the time represented by the Date object, because of daylight saving time and historical changes. In essence, the timezone offset is the offset from UTC time, at the time represented by the Date object and at the location of the host environment.

There are two groups of Date methods: one group gets and sets various date components by interpreting the timestamp as a local time, while the other uses UTC.

The Date() constructor can be called with two or more arguments, in which case they are interpreted as the year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond, respectively, in local time. Date.UTC() works similarly, but it interprets the components as UTC time and also accepts a single argument representing the year.

When a segment overflows or underflows its expected range, it usually "carries over to" or "borrows from" the higher segment. For example, if the month is set to 12 (months are zero-based, so December is 11), it become the January of the next year. If the day of month is set to 0, it becomes the last day of the previous month. This also applies to dates specified with the date time string format.

There are many ways to format a date as a string. The JavaScript specification only specifies one format to be universally supported: the date time string format, a simplification of the ISO 8601 calendar date extended format. The format is as follows:

YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sssZ

• YYYY is the year, with four digits (0000 to 9999), or as an expanded year of + or - followed by six digits. The sign is required for expanded years. -000000 is explicitly disallowed as a valid year.
• MM is the month, with two digits (01 to 12). Defaults to 01.
• DD is the day of the month, with two digits (01 to 31). Defaults to 01.
• T is a literal character, which indicates the beginning of the time part of the string. The T is required when specifying the time part.
• HH is the hour, with two digits (00 to 23). As a special case, 24:00:00 is allowed, and is interpreted as midnight at the beginning of the next day. Defaults to 00.
• mm is the minute, with two digits (00 to 59). Defaults to 00.
• ss is the second, with two digits (00 to 59). Defaults to 00.
• sss is the millisecond, with three digits (000 to 999). Defaults to 000.
• Z is the timezone offset, which can either be the literal character Z (indicating UTC), or + or - followed by HH:mm, the offset in hours and minutes from UTC.

Various components can be omitted, so the following are all valid:

• Date-only form: YYYY, YYYY-MM, YYYY-MM-DD
• Date-time form: one of the above date-only forms, followed by T, followed by HH:mm, HH:mm:ss, or HH:mm:ss.sss. Each combination can be followed by a time zone offset.

For example, "2011-10-10" (date-only form), "2011-10-10T14:48:00" (date-time form), or "2011-10-10T14:48:00.000+09:00" (date-time form with milliseconds and time zone) are all valid date time strings.

When the time zone offset is absent, date-only forms are interpreted as a UTC time and date-time forms are interpreted as local time. This is due to a historical spec error that was not consistent with ISO 8601 but could not be changed due to web compatibility. See Broken Parser – A Web Reality Issue.

Date.parse() and the Date() constructor both accept strings in the date time string format as input. Furthermore, implementations are allowed to support other date formats when the input fails to match this format.

The toISOString() method returns a string representation of the date in the date time string format, with the time zone offset always set to Z (UTC).

Non-standard strings can be parsed in any way as desired by the implementation, including the time zone — most implementations use the local time zone by default. Implementations are not required to return invalid date for out-of-bounds date components, although they usually do. A string may have in-bounds date components (with the bounds defined above), but does not represent a date in reality (for example, "February 30"). Implementations behave inconsistently in this case. The Date.parse() page offers more examples about these non-standard cases.

• toISOString() returns a string in the format 1970-01-01T00:00:00.000Z (the date time string format introduced above, which is simplified ISO 8601). toJSON() calls toISOString() and returns the result.
• toString() returns a string in the format Thu Jan 01 1970 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (Coordinated Universal Time), while toDateString() and toTimeString() return the date and time parts of the string, respectively. [@@toPrimitive]() (when passed "string" or "default") calls toString() and returns the result.
• toUTCString() returns a string in the format Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT (generalized RFC 7231).
• toLocaleDateString(), toLocaleTimeString(), and toLocaleString() use locale-specific date and time formats, usually provided by the Intl API.

See the Formats of toString method return values section for examples.

Date()

When called as a constructor, returns a new Date object. When called as a function, returns a string representation of the current date and time.

Date.now()

Returns the numeric value corresponding to the current time—the number of milliseconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 00:00:00 UTC, with leap seconds ignored.

Date.parse()

Parses a string representation of a date and returns the number of milliseconds since 1 January, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC, with leap seconds ignored.

Date.UTC()

Accepts the same parameters as the longest form of the constructor (i.e. 2 to 7) and returns the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC, with leap seconds ignored.

These properties are defined on Date.prototype and shared by all Date instances.

Date.prototype.constructor

The constructor function that created the instance object. For Date instances, the initial value is the Date constructor.

Date.prototype.getDate()

Returns the day of the month (1 – 31) for the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getDay()

Returns the day of the week (0 – 6) for the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getFullYear()

Returns the year (4 digits for 4-digit years) of the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getHours()

Returns the hour (0 – 23) in the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds (0 – 999) in the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getMinutes()

Returns the minutes (0 – 59) in the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getMonth()

Returns the month (0 – 11) in the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getSeconds()

Returns the seconds (0 – 59) in the specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.getTime()

Returns the numeric value of the specified date as the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC. (Negative values are returned for prior times.)

Date.prototype.getTimezoneOffset()

Returns the time-zone offset in minutes for the current locale.

Date.prototype.getUTCDate()

Returns the day (date) of the month (1 – 31) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCDay()

Returns the day of the week (0 – 6) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCFullYear()

Returns the year (4 digits for 4-digit years) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCHours()

Returns the hours (0 – 23) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCMilliseconds()

Returns the milliseconds (0 – 999) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCMinutes()

Returns the minutes (0 – 59) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCMonth()

Returns the month (0 – 11) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getUTCSeconds()

Returns the seconds (0 – 59) in the specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.getYear() Deprecated

Returns the year (usually 2–3 digits) in the specified date according to local time. Use getFullYear() instead.

Date.prototype.setDate()

Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setFullYear()

Sets the full year (e.g. 4 digits for 4-digit years) for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setHours()

Sets the hours for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setMinutes()

Sets the minutes for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setMonth()

Sets the month for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setSeconds()

Sets the seconds for a specified date according to local time.

Date.prototype.setTime()

Sets the Date object to the time represented by a number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 UTC. Use negative numbers for times prior.

Date.prototype.setUTCDate()

Sets the day of the month for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setUTCFullYear()

Sets the full year (e.g. 4 digits for 4-digit years) for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setUTCHours()

Sets the hour for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setUTCMilliseconds()

Sets the milliseconds for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setUTCMinutes()

Sets the minutes for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setUTCMonth()

Sets the month for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setUTCSeconds()

Sets the seconds for a specified date according to universal time.

Date.prototype.setYear() Deprecated

Sets the year (usually 2–3 digits) for a specified date according to local time. Use setFullYear() instead.

Date.prototype.toDateString()

Returns the "date" portion of the Date as a human-readable string like 'Thu Apr 12 2018'.

Date.prototype.toISOString()

Converts a date to a string following the ISO 8601 Extended Format.

Date.prototype.toJSON()

Returns a string representing the Date using toISOString(). Intended for use by JSON.stringify().

Date.prototype.toLocaleDateString()

Returns a string with a locality sensitive representation of the date portion of this date based on system settings.

Date.prototype.toLocaleString()

Returns a string with a locality-sensitive representation of this date. Overrides the Object.prototype.toLocaleString() method.

Date.prototype.toLocaleTimeString()

Returns a string with a locality-sensitive representation of the time portion of this date, based on system settings.

Date.prototype.toString()

Returns a string representing the specified Date object. Overrides the Object.prototype.toString() method.

Date.prototype.toTimeString()

Returns the "time" portion of the Date as a human-readable string.

Date.prototype.toUTCString()

Converts a date to a string using the UTC timezone.

Date.prototype.valueOf()

Returns the primitive value of a Date object. Overrides the Object.prototype.valueOf() method.

Date.prototype[@@toPrimitive]()

Converts this Date object to a primitive value.

The following examples show several ways to create JavaScript dates:

const today = new Date();
const birthday = new Date("December 17, 1995 03:24:00"); // DISCOURAGED: may not work in all runtimes
const birthday2 = new Date("1995-12-17T03:24:00"); // This is standardized and will work reliably
const birthday3 = new Date(1995, 11, 17); // the month is 0-indexed
const birthday4 = new Date(1995, 11, 17, 3, 24, 0);
const birthday5 = new Date(628021800000); // passing epoch timestamp

new Date() exhibits legacy undesirable, inconsistent behavior with two-digit year values; specifically, when a new Date() call is given a two-digit year value, that year value does not get treated as a literal year and used as-is but instead gets interpreted as a relative offset — in some cases as an offset from the year 1900, but in other cases, as an offset from the year 2000.

let date = new Date(98, 1); // Sun Feb 01 1998 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)
date = new Date(22, 1); // Wed Feb 01 1922 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)
date = new Date("2/1/22"); // Tue Feb 01 2022 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)

// Legacy method; always interprets two-digit year values as relative to 1900
date.setYear(98);
date.toString(); // Sun Feb 01 1998 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)
date.setYear(22);
date.toString(); // Wed Feb 01 1922 00:00:00 GMT+0000 (GMT)

So, to create and get dates between the years 0 and 99, instead use the preferred setFullYear() and getFullYear() methods:.

// Preferred method; never interprets any value as being a relative offset,
// but instead uses the year value as-is
date.setFullYear(98);
date.getFullYear(); // 98 (not 1998)
date.setFullYear(22);
date.getFullYear(); // 22 (not 1922, not 2022)

The following examples show how to determine the elapsed time between two JavaScript dates in milliseconds.

Due to the differing lengths of days (due to daylight saving changeover), months, and years, expressing elapsed time in units greater than hours, minutes, and seconds requires addressing a number of issues, and should be thoroughly researched before being attempted.

// Using Date objects
const start = Date.now();

// The event to time goes here:
doSomethingForALongTime();
const end = Date.now();
const elapsed = end - start; // elapsed time in milliseconds

// Using built-in methods
const start = new Date();

// The event to time goes here:
doSomethingForALongTime();
const end = new Date();
const elapsed = end.getTime() - start.getTime(); // elapsed time in milliseconds

// To test a function and get back its return
function printElapsedTime(testFn) {
  const startTime = Date.now();
  const result = testFn();
  const endTime = Date.now();

  console.log(`Elapsed time: ${String(endTime - startTime)} milliseconds`);
  return result;
}

const yourFunctionReturn = printElapsedTime(yourFunction);

const seconds = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);

In this case, it's important to return only an integer—so a simple division won't do. It's also important to only return actually elapsed seconds. (That's why this code uses Math.floor(), and not Math.round().)

• Date()