To create a new primitive Symbol, you write Symbol() with an optional string as its description:

const sym1 = Symbol();
const sym2 = Symbol('foo');
const sym3 = Symbol('foo');

The above code creates three new Symbols. Note that Symbol("foo") does not coerce the string "foo" into a Symbol. It creates a new Symbol each time:

Symbol('foo') === Symbol('foo')  // false

The following syntax with the new operator will throw a TypeError:

const sym = new Symbol();  // TypeError

This prevents authors from creating an explicit Symbol wrapper object instead of a new Symbol value and might be surprising as creating explicit wrapper objects around primitive data types is generally possible (for example, new Boolean, new String and new Number).

If you really want to create a Symbol wrapper object, you can use the Object() function:

const sym = Symbol('foo');
typeof sym      // "symbol"
const symObj = Object(sym);
typeof symObj   // "object"

The above syntax using the Symbol() function will create a Symbol whose value remains unique throughout the lifetime of the program. To create Symbols available across files and even across realms (each of which has its own global scope), use the methods Symbol.for() and Symbol.keyFor() to set and retrieve Symbols from the global Symbol registry.

Note that the "global Symbol registry" is only a fictitious concept and may not correspond to any internal data structure in the JavaScript engine — and even if such a registry exists, its content is not available to the JavaScript code, except through the for() and keyFor() methods.

The method Symbol.for(tokenString) takes a string key and returns a symbol value from the registry, while Symbol.keyFor(symbolValue) takes a symbol value and returns the string key corresponding to it. Each is the other's inverse, so the following is true:

Symbol.keyFor(Symbol.for("tokenString")) === "tokenString" // true

All static properties of the Symbol constructor are Symbols themselves, whose values are constant across realms. They are known as well-known Symbols, and their purpose is to serve as "protocols" for certain built-in JavaScript operations, allowing users to customize the language's behavior. For example, if a constructor function has a method with Symbol.hasInstance as its name, this method will encode its behavior with the instanceof operator.

Prior to well-known Symbols, JavaScript used normal properties to implement certain built-in operations. For example, the JSON.stringify function will attempt to call each object's toJSON() method, and the String function will call the object's toString() and valueOf() methods. However, as more operations are added to the language, designating each operation a "magic property" can break backward compatibility and make the language's behavior harder to reason with. Well-known Symbols allow the customizations to be "invisible" from normal code, which typically only read string properties.

The method Object.getOwnPropertySymbols() returns an array of Symbols and lets you find Symbol properties on a given object. Note that every object is initialized with no own Symbol properties, so that this array will be empty unless you've set Symbol properties on the object.

Symbol()

Creates a new Symbol object. It is not a constructor in the traditional sense, because it can only be called as a function, instead of being constructed with new Symbol().

The static properties are all well-known Symbols. In these Symbols' descriptions, we will use language like "Symbol.hasInstance is a method determining…", but bear in mind that this is referring to the semantic of an object's method having this Symbol as the method name (because well-known Symbols act as "protocols"), not describing the value of the Symbol itself.

Symbol.asyncIterator

A method that returns the default AsyncIterator for an object. Used by for await...of.

Symbol.hasInstance

A method determining if a constructor object recognizes an object as its instance. Used by instanceof.

Symbol.isConcatSpreadable

A Boolean value indicating if an object should be flattened to its array elements. Used by Array.prototype.concat().

Symbol.iterator

A method returning the default iterator for an object. Used by for...of.

Symbol.match

A method that matches against a string, also used to determine if an object may be used as a regular expression. Used by String.prototype.match().

Symbol.matchAll

A method that returns an iterator, that yields matches of the regular expression against a string. Used by String.prototype.matchAll().

Symbol.replace

A method that replaces matched substrings of a string. Used by String.prototype.replace().

Symbol.search

A method that returns the index within a string that matches the regular expression. Used by String.prototype.search().

Symbol.split

A method that splits a string at the indices that match a regular expression. Used by String.prototype.split().

Symbol.species

A constructor function that is used to create derived objects.

Symbol.toPrimitive

A method converting an object to a primitive value.

Symbol.toStringTag

A string value used for the default description of an object. Used by Object.prototype.toString().

Symbol.unscopables

An object value of whose own and inherited property names are excluded from the with environment bindings of the associated object.

Symbol.for(key)

Searches for existing Symbols with the given key and returns it if found. Otherwise a new Symbol gets created in the global Symbol registry with key.

Symbol.keyFor(sym)

Retrieves a shared Symbol key from the global Symbol registry for the given Symbol.

Symbol.prototype.description

A read-only string containing the description of the Symbol.

Symbol.prototype.toString()

Returns a string containing the description of the Symbol. Overrides the Object.prototype.toString() method.

Symbol.prototype.valueOf()

Returns the Symbol. Overrides the Object.prototype.valueOf() method.

Symbol.prototype[@@toPrimitive]()

Returns the Symbol.

The typeof operator can help you to identify Symbols.

typeof Symbol() === 'symbol'
typeof Symbol('foo') === 'symbol'
typeof Symbol.iterator === 'symbol'

Some things to note when working with type conversion of Symbols.

• When trying to convert a Symbol to a number, a TypeError will be thrown (e.g. +sym or sym | 0).
• When using loose equality, Object(sym) == sym returns true.
• Symbol("foo") + "bar" throws a TypeError (can't convert Symbol to string). This prevents you from silently creating a new string property name from a Symbol, for example.
• The "safer" String(sym) conversion works like a call to Symbol.prototype.toString() with Symbols, but note that new String(sym) will throw.

Symbols are not enumerable in for...in iterations. In addition, Object.getOwnPropertyNames() will not return Symbol object properties, however, you can use Object.getOwnPropertySymbols() to get these.

const obj = {};

obj[Symbol('a')] = 'a';
obj[Symbol.for('b')] = 'b';
obj['c'] = 'c';
obj.d = 'd';

for (const i in obj) {
  console.log(i); // logs "c" and "d"
}

Symbol-keyed properties will be completely ignored when using JSON.stringify():

JSON.stringify({ [Symbol('foo')]: 'foo' })
// '{}'

For more details, see JSON.stringify().

When a Symbol wrapper object is used as a property key, this object will be coerced to its wrapped Symbol:

const sym = Symbol('foo');
const obj = {[sym]: 1};
obj[sym]             // 1
obj[Object(sym)]     // still 1

• Polyfill of Symbol in core-js
• typeof
• Data types and data structures
• "ES6 In Depth: Symbols" on hacks.mozilla.org