std/json

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This module implements a simple high performance JSON parser. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write (unlike XML). It is easy for machines to parse and generate. JSON is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language, Standard ECMA-262 3rd Edition - December 1999.

See also

• std/parsejson
• std/jsonutils
• std/marshal
• std/jscore

Overview

Parsing JSON

JSON often arrives into your program (via an API or a file) as a string. The first step is to change it from its serialized form into a nested object structure called a JsonNode.

The parseJson procedure takes a string containing JSON and returns a JsonNode object. This is an object variant and it is either a JObject, JArray, JString, JInt, JFloat, JBool or JNull. You check the kind of this object variant by using the kind accessor.

For a JsonNode who's kind is JObject, you can access its fields using the [] operator. The following example shows how to do this:

import std/json

let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14}""")

doAssert jsonNode.kind == JObject
doAssert jsonNode["key"].kind == JFloat

Reading values

Once you have a JsonNode, retrieving the values can then be achieved by using one of the helper procedures, which include:

• getInt
• getFloat
• getStr
• getBool

To retrieve the value of "key" you can do the following:

import std/json

let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14}""")

doAssert jsonNode["key"].getFloat() == 3.14

Important: The [] operator will raise an exception when the specified field does not exist.

Handling optional keys

By using the {} operator instead of [], it will return nil when the field is not found. The get-family of procedures will return a type's default value when called on nil.

import std/json

let jsonNode = parseJson("{}")

doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getInt() == 0
doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getFloat() == 0
doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getStr() == ""
doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getBool() == false

Using default values

The get-family helpers also accept an additional parameter which allow you to fallback to a default value should the key's values be null:

import std/json

let jsonNode = parseJson("""{"key": 3.14, "key2": null}""")

doAssert jsonNode["key"].getFloat(6.28) == 3.14
doAssert jsonNode["key2"].getFloat(3.14) == 3.14
doAssert jsonNode{"nope"}.getFloat(3.14) == 3.14 # note the {}

Unmarshalling

In addition to reading dynamic data, Nim can also unmarshal JSON directly into a type with the to macro.

Note: Use Option for keys sometimes missing in json responses, and backticks around keys with a reserved keyword as name.

import std/json
import std/options

type
  User = object
    name: string
    age: int
    `type`: Option[string]

let userJson = parseJson("""{ "name": "Nim", "age": 12 }""")
let user = to(userJson, User)
if user.`type`.isSome():
  assert user.`type`.get() != "robot"

Creating JSON

This module can also be used to comfortably create JSON using the %* operator:

import std/json

var hisName = "John"
let herAge = 31
var j = %*
  [
    { "name": hisName, "age": 30 },
    { "name": "Susan", "age": herAge }
  ]

var j2 = %* {"name": "Isaac", "books": ["Robot Dreams"]}
j2["details"] = %* {"age":35, "pi":3.1415}
echo j2

See also: std/jsonutils for hookable json serialization/deserialization of arbitrary types.

Example:

import std/json
## Note: for JObject, key ordering is preserved, unlike in some languages,
## this is convenient for some use cases. Example:
type Foo = object
  a1, a2, a0, a3, a4: int
doAssert $(%* Foo()) == """{"a1":0,"a2":0,"a0":0,"a3":0,"a4":0}"""

Imports

hashes, tables, strutils, lexbase, streams, macros, parsejson, options, since

Types

JsonNode = ref JsonNodeObj

JSON node Source Edit

JsonNodeKind = enum
  JNull, JBool, JInt, JFloat, JString, JObject, JArray

possible JSON node types Source Edit

JsonNodeObj {.acyclic.} = object
  case kind*: JsonNodeKind
  of JString:
    str*: string
  of JInt:
    num*: BiggestInt
  of JFloat:
    fnum*: float
  of JBool:
    bval*: bool
  of JNull:
    nil
  of JObject:
    fields*: OrderedTable[string, JsonNode]
  of JArray:
    elems*: seq[JsonNode]

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Procs

proc `$`(node: JsonNode): string {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Converts node to its JSON Representation on one line. Source Edit

proc `%`(b: bool): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JBool JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`(keyVals: openArray[tuple[key: string, val: JsonNode]]): JsonNode {.
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JObject JsonNode Source Edit

proc `%`(n: BiggestInt): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`(n: BiggestUInt): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`(n: float): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JFloat JsonNode.

Example:

assert $(%[NaN, Inf, -Inf, 0.0, -0.0, 1.0, 1e-2]) == """["nan","inf","-inf",0.0,-0.0,1.0,0.01]"""
assert (%NaN).kind == JString
assert (%0.0).kind == JFloat

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proc `%`(n: int): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`(n: uint): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`(o: enum): JsonNode

Construct a JsonNode that represents the specified enum value as a string. Creates a new JString JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`(o: ref object): JsonNode

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JObject JsonNode Source Edit

proc `%`(s: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JString JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `%`[T: object](o: T): JsonNode

Construct JsonNode from tuples and objects. Source Edit

proc `%`[T](elements: openArray[T]): JsonNode

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JArray JsonNode Source Edit

proc `%`[T](opt: Option[T]): JsonNode

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JNull JsonNode if opt is empty, otherwise it delegates to the underlying value. Source Edit

proc `%`[T](table: Table[string, T] | OrderedTable[string, T]): JsonNode

Generic constructor for JSON data. Creates a new JObject JsonNode. Source Edit

proc `==`(a, b: JsonNode): bool {.noSideEffect, ...raises: [], tags: [RootEffect],
                                  forbids: [].}

Check two nodes for equality Source Edit

proc `[]`(node: JsonNode; index: BackwardsIndex): JsonNode {.inline, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Gets the node at array.len-i in an array through the ^ operator.

i.e. j[^i] is a shortcut for j[j.len-i].

Example:

let
  j = parseJson("[1,2,3,4,5]")

doAssert j[^1].getInt == 5
doAssert j[^2].getInt == 4

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proc `[]`(node: JsonNode; index: int): JsonNode {.inline, ...raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Gets the node at index in an Array. Result is undefined if index is out of bounds, but as long as array bound checks are enabled it will result in an exception. Source Edit

proc `[]`(node: JsonNode; name: string): JsonNode {.inline, ...raises: [KeyError],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Gets a field from a JObject, which must not be nil. If the value at name does not exist, raises KeyError. Source Edit

proc `[]`[U, V](a: JsonNode; x: HSlice[U, V]): JsonNode

Slice operation for JArray.

Returns the inclusive range [a[x.a], a[x.b]]:

Example:

import std/json
let arr = %[0,1,2,3,4,5]
doAssert arr[2..4] == %[2,3,4]
doAssert arr[2..^2] == %[2,3,4]
doAssert arr[^4..^2] == %[2,3,4]

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proc `[]=`(obj: JsonNode; key: string; val: JsonNode) {.inline, ...raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Sets a field from a JObject. Source Edit

proc add(father, child: JsonNode) {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Adds child to a JArray node father. Source Edit

proc add(obj: JsonNode; key: string; val: JsonNode) {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Sets a field from a JObject. Source Edit

proc contains(node: JsonNode; key: string): bool {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Checks if key exists in node. Source Edit

proc contains(node: JsonNode; val: JsonNode): bool {....raises: [],
    tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

Checks if val exists in array node. Source Edit

proc copy(p: JsonNode): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Performs a deep copy of p. Source Edit

proc delete(obj: JsonNode; key: string) {....raises: [KeyError], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Deletes obj[key]. Source Edit

proc escapeJson(s: string): string {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Converts a string s to its JSON representation with quotes. Source Edit

proc escapeJson(s: string; result: var string) {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Converts a string s to its JSON representation with quotes. Appends to result. Source Edit

proc escapeJsonUnquoted(s: string): string {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Converts a string s to its JSON representation without quotes. Source Edit

proc escapeJsonUnquoted(s: string; result: var string) {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Converts a string s to its JSON representation without quotes. Appends to result. Source Edit

proc getBiggestInt(n: JsonNode; default: BiggestInt = 0): BiggestInt {.
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Retrieves the BiggestInt value of a JInt JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JInt, or if n is nil.

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proc getBool(n: JsonNode; default: bool = false): bool {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Retrieves the bool value of a JBool JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JBool, or if n is nil.

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proc getElems(n: JsonNode; default: seq[JsonNode] = @[]): seq[JsonNode] {.
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Retrieves the array of a JArray JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JArray, or if n is nil.

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proc getFields(n: JsonNode; default = initOrderedTable[string, JsonNode](2)): OrderedTable[
    string, JsonNode] {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Retrieves the key, value pairs of a JObject JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JObject, or if n is nil.

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proc getFloat(n: JsonNode; default: float = 0.0): float {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Retrieves the float value of a JFloat JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JFloat or JInt, or if n is nil.

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proc getInt(n: JsonNode; default: int = 0): int {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Retrieves the int value of a JInt JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JInt, or if n is nil.

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proc getOrDefault(node: JsonNode; key: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Gets a field from a node. If node is nil or not an object or value at key does not exist, returns nil Source Edit

proc getStr(n: JsonNode; default: string = ""): string {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Retrieves the string value of a JString JsonNode.

Returns default if n is not a JString, or if n is nil.

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proc hash(n: JsonNode): Hash {.noSideEffect, ...raises: [Exception],
                               tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

Compute the hash for a JSON node Source Edit

proc hash(n: OrderedTable[string, JsonNode]): Hash {.noSideEffect,
    ...raises: [Exception], tags: [RootEffect], forbids: [].}

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proc hasKey(node: JsonNode; key: string): bool {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Checks if key exists in node. Source Edit

proc len(n: JsonNode): int {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

If n is a JArray, it returns the number of elements. If n is a JObject, it returns the number of pairs. Else it returns 0. Source Edit

proc newJArray(): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JArray JsonNode Source Edit

proc newJBool(b: bool): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JBool JsonNode. Source Edit

proc newJFloat(n: float): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JFloat JsonNode. Source Edit

proc newJInt(n: BiggestInt): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JInt JsonNode. Source Edit

proc newJNull(): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JNull JsonNode. Source Edit

proc newJObject(): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JObject JsonNode Source Edit

proc newJString(s: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Creates a new JString JsonNode. Source Edit

proc parseFile(filename: string): JsonNode {.
    ...raises: [IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError],
    tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], forbids: [].}

Parses file into a JsonNode. If file contains extra data, it will raise JsonParsingError. Source Edit

proc parseJson(buffer: string; rawIntegers = false; rawFloats = false): JsonNode {.
    ...raises: [IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError],
    tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], forbids: [].}

Parses JSON from buffer. If buffer contains extra data, it will raise JsonParsingError. If rawIntegers is true, integer literals will not be converted to a JInt field but kept as raw numbers via JString. If rawFloats is true, floating point literals will not be converted to a JFloat field but kept as raw numbers via JString. Source Edit

proc parseJson(s: Stream; filename: string = ""; rawIntegers = false;
               rawFloats = false): JsonNode {.
    ...raises: [IOError, OSError, IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError],
    tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], forbids: [].}

Parses from a stream s into a JsonNode. filename is only needed for nice error messages. If s contains extra data, it will raise JsonParsingError. This closes the stream s after it's done. If rawIntegers is true, integer literals will not be converted to a JInt field but kept as raw numbers via JString. If rawFloats is true, floating point literals will not be converted to a JFloat field but kept as raw numbers via JString. Source Edit

proc pretty(node: JsonNode; indent = 2): string {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Returns a JSON Representation of node, with indentation and on multiple lines.

Similar to prettyprint in Python.

Example:

let j = %* {"name": "Isaac", "books": ["Robot Dreams"],
            "details": {"age": 35, "pi": 3.1415}}
doAssert pretty(j) == """
{
  "name": "Isaac",
  "books": [
    "Robot Dreams"
  ],
  "details": {
    "age": 35,
    "pi": 3.1415
  }
}"""

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proc to[T](node: JsonNode; t: typedesc[T]): T

Unmarshals the specified node into the object type specified.

Known limitations:

• Heterogeneous arrays are not supported.
• Sets in object variants are not supported.
• Not nil annotations are not supported.

Example:

let jsonNode = parseJson("""
      {
        "person": {
          "name": "Nimmer",
          "age": 21
        },
        "list": [1, 2, 3, 4]
      }
    """)

type
  Person = object
    name: string
    age: int

  Data = object
    person: Person
    list: seq[int]

var data = to(jsonNode, Data)
doAssert data.person.name == "Nimmer"
doAssert data.person.age == 21
doAssert data.list == @[1, 2, 3, 4]

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proc toUgly(result: var string; node: JsonNode) {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Converts node to its JSON Representation, without regard for human readability. Meant to improve $ string conversion performance.

JSON representation is stored in the passed result

This provides higher efficiency than the pretty procedure as it does not attempt to format the resulting JSON to make it human readable.

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proc `{}`(node: JsonNode; index: varargs[int]): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Traverses the node and gets the given value. If any of the indexes do not exist, returns nil. Also returns nil if one of the intermediate data structures is not an array. Source Edit

proc `{}`(node: JsonNode; key: string): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Gets a field from a node. If node is nil or not an object or value at key does not exist, returns nil Source Edit

proc `{}`(node: JsonNode; keys: varargs[string]): JsonNode {....raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Traverses the node and gets the given value. If any of the keys do not exist, returns nil. Also returns nil if one of the intermediate data structures is not an object.

This proc can be used to create tree structures on the fly (sometimes called autovivification):

Example:

var myjson = %* {"parent": {"child": {"grandchild": 1}}}
doAssert myjson{"parent", "child", "grandchild"} == newJInt(1)

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proc `{}=`(node: JsonNode; keys: varargs[string]; value: JsonNode) {.
    ...raises: [KeyError], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Traverses the node and tries to set the value at the given location to value. If any of the keys are missing, they are added. Source Edit

Iterators

iterator items(node: JsonNode): JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Iterator for the items of node. node has to be a JArray. Source Edit

iterator keys(node: JsonNode): string {....raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Iterator for the keys in node. node has to be a JObject. Source Edit

iterator mitems(node: var JsonNode): var JsonNode {....raises: [], tags: [],
    forbids: [].}

Iterator for the items of node. node has to be a JArray. Items can be modified. Source Edit

iterator mpairs(node: var JsonNode): tuple[key: string, val: var JsonNode] {.
    ...raises: [], tags: [], forbids: [].}

Iterator for the child elements of node. node has to be a JObject. Values can be modified Source Edit

iterator pairs(node: JsonNode): tuple[key: string, val: JsonNode] {....raises: [],
    tags: [], forbids: [].}

Iterator for the child elements of node. node has to be a JObject. Source Edit

iterator parseJsonFragments(s: Stream; filename: string = "";
                            rawIntegers = false; rawFloats = false): JsonNode {.
    ...raises: [IOError, OSError, IOError, OSError, JsonParsingError, ValueError],
    tags: [ReadIOEffect, WriteIOEffect], forbids: [].}

Parses from a stream s into JsonNodes. filename is only needed for nice error messages. The JSON fragments are separated by whitespace. This can be substantially faster than the comparable loop for x in splitWhitespace(s): yield parseJson(x). This closes the stream s after it's done. If rawIntegers is true, integer literals will not be converted to a JInt field but kept as raw numbers via JString. If rawFloats is true, floating point literals will not be converted to a JFloat field but kept as raw numbers via JString. Source Edit

Macros

macro `%*`(x: untyped): untyped

Convert an expression to a JsonNode directly, without having to specify % for every element. Source Edit

macro isRefSkipDistinct(arg: typed): untyped

internal only, do not use Source Edit

Templates

template `%`(j: JsonNode): JsonNode

Source Edit