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/Crystal

struct Path

Overview

A Path represents a filesystem path and allows path-handling operations such as querying its components as well as semantic manipulations.

A path is hierarchical and composed of a sequence of directory and file name elements separated by a special separator or delimiter. A root component, that identifies a file system hierarchy, may also be present. The name element that is farthest from the root of the directory hierarchy is the name of a file or directory. The other name elements are directory names. A Path can represent a root, a root and a sequence of names, or simply one or more name elements. A Path is considered to be an empty path if it consists solely of one name element that is empty or equal to ".". Accessing a file using an empty path is equivalent to accessing the default directory of the process.

Examples

Path["foo/bar/baz.cr"].parent    # => Path["foo/bar"]
Path["foo/bar/baz.cr"].basename  # => "baz.cr"
Path["./foo/../bar"].normalize   # => Path["bar"]
Path["~/bin"].expand(home: true) # => Path["/home/crystal/bin"]

For now, its methods are purely lexical, there is no direct filesystem access.

Path handling comes in different kinds depending on operating system:

# On POSIX system:
Path.new("foo", "bar", "baz.cr") == Path.posix("foo/bar/baz.cr")
# On Windows system:
Path.new("foo", "bar", "baz.cr") == Path.windows("foo\\bar\\baz.cr")

The main differences between Windows and POSIX paths:

  • POSIX paths use forward slash (#/) as only path separator, Windows paths use backslash (\) as default separator but also recognize forward slashes.
  • POSIX paths are generally case-sensitive, Windows paths case-insensitive (see #<=>).
  • A POSIX path is absolute if it begins with a forward slash (#/). A Windows path is absolute if it starts with a drive letter and root (C:\).
Path.posix("/foo/./bar").normalize   # => Path.posix("/foo/bar")
Path.windows("/foo/./bar").normalize # => Path.windows("\\foo\\bar")

Path.posix("/foo").absolute?   # => true
Path.windows("/foo").absolute? # => false

Path.posix("foo") == Path.posix("FOO")     # => false
Path.windows("foo") == Path.windows("FOO") # => true

Included Modules

Defined in:

json/to_json.cr
path.cr
yaml/to_yaml.cr

Constant Summary

SEPARATORS = separators(Kind.native)

The file/directory separator characters of the current platform. {'/'} on POSIX, {'\\', '/'} on Windows.

Constructors

Instance Method Summary

Instance methods inherited from module Comparable(Path)

<, <=(other : T) <=, <=>(other : T) <=>, ==(other : T) ==, >(other : T) >, >=(other : T) >=, clamp(min, max)
clamp(range : Range) clamp

Instance methods inherited from struct Struct

==(other) : Bool ==, hash(hasher) hash, inspect(io : IO) : Nil inspect, pretty_print(pp) : Nil pretty_print, to_s(io : IO) : Nil to_s

Instance methods inherited from struct Value

==(other : JSON::Any)
==(other : YAML::Any)
==(other) ==, dup dup

Instance methods inherited from class Object

! : Bool !, !=(other) !=, !~(other) !~, ==(other) ==, ===(other : JSON::Any)
===(other : YAML::Any)
===(other) ===, =~(other) =~, as(type : Class) as, as?(type : Class) as?, class class, dup dup, hash(hasher)
hash hash, in?(*values : Object) : Bool
in?(collection) : Bool in?, inspect : String
inspect(io : IO) : Nil inspect, is_a?(type : Class) : Bool is_a?, itself itself, nil? : Bool nil?, not_nil! not_nil!, pretty_inspect(width = 79, newline = "\n", indent = 0) : String pretty_inspect, pretty_print(pp : PrettyPrint) : Nil pretty_print, responds_to?(name : Symbol) : Bool responds_to?, tap(&) tap, to_json(io : IO)
to_json to_json, to_pretty_json(io : IO, indent : String = " ")
to_pretty_json(indent : String = " ") to_pretty_json, to_s : String
to_s(io : IO) : Nil to_s, to_yaml(io : IO)
to_yaml to_yaml, try(&) try, unsafe_as(type : T.class) forall T unsafe_as

Class methods inherited from class Object

from_json(string_or_io, root : String)
from_json(string_or_io) from_json, from_yaml(string_or_io : String | IO) from_yaml

Constructor Detail

def self.[](name : String | Path, *parts) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of native kind.

When compiling for a windows target, this is equal to Path.windows(), otherwise Path.posix is used.

def self.[](parts : Enumerable) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of native kind.

When compiling for a windows target, this is equal to Path.windows(), otherwise Path.posix is used.

def self.home : PathSource

Returns the path of the home directory of the current user.

def self.new(ctx : YAML::ParseContext, node : YAML::Nodes::Node)Source

def self.new(name : String | Path, *parts : String | Path) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of native kind.

When compiling for a windows target, this is equal to Path.windows(), otherwise Path.posix is used.

def self.new(pull : JSON::PullParser)Source

def self.new(parts : Enumerable) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of native kind.

When compiling for a windows target, this is equal to Path.windows(), otherwise Path.posix is used.

def self.new(path : Path) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of native kind.

When compiling for a windows target, this is equal to Path.windows(), otherwise Path.posix is used.

def self.new(name : String = "") : PathSource

Creates a new Path of native kind.

When compiling for a windows target, this is equal to Path.windows(), otherwise Path.posix is used.

def self.posix(path : Path) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of POSIX kind.

def self.posix(parts : Enumerable) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of POSIX kind.

def self.posix(name : String | Path, *parts : String | Path) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of POSIX kind.

def self.posix(name : String = "") : PathSource

Creates a new Path of POSIX kind.

def self.windows(name : String = "") : PathSource

Creates a new Path of Windows kind.

def self.windows(path : Path) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of Windows kind.

def self.windows(parts : Enumerable) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of Windows kind.

def self.windows(name : String | Path, *parts : String | Path) : PathSource

Creates a new Path of Windows kind.

Instance Method Detail

def /(part : Path | String) : PathSource

Appends the given part to this path and returns the joined path.

Path["foo"] / "bar" / "baz"     # => Path["foo/bar/baz"]
Path["foo/"] / Path["/bar/baz"] # => Path["foo/bar/baz"]

def <=>(other : Path)Source

Compares this path to other.

The comparison is performed strictly lexically: foo and ./foo are not treated as equal. To compare paths semantically, they need to be normalized and converted to the same kind.

Path["foo"] <=> Path["foo"]               # => 0
Path["foo"] <=> Path["./foo"]             # => 1
Path.posix("foo") <=> Path.windows("foo") # => -1

Comparison is case-sensitive for POSIX paths and case-insensitive for Windows paths.

Path.posix("foo") <=> Path.posix("FOO")     # => 1
Path.windows("foo") <=> Path.windows("FOO") # => 0

def absolute? : BoolSource

Returns true if this path is absolute.

A POSIX path is absolute if it begins with a forward slash (#/). A Windows path is absolute if it begins with a drive letter and root (C:\) or with a UNC share (\\server\share\).

def anchor : Path?Source

Returns the concatenation of #drive and #root.

Path["/etc/"].anchor                           # => Path["/"]
Path.windows("C:Program Files").anchor         # => Path.windows("C:")
Path.windows("C:\\Program Files").anchor       # => Path.windows("C:\\")
Path.windows("\\\\host\\share\\folder").anchor # => Path.windows("\\\\host\\share\\")

def basename(suffix : String? = nil) : StringSource

Returns the last component of this path.

If suffix is given, it is stripped from the end.

Path["/foo/bar/file.cr"].basename # => "file.cr"
Path["/foo/bar/"].basename        # => "bar"
Path["/"].basename                # => "/"
Path[""].basename                 # => ""

def dirname : StringSource

Returns all components of this path except the last one.

Path["/foo/bar/file.cr"].dirname # => "/foo/bar"

def drive : Path?Source

Returns a path representing the drive component or nil if this path does not contain a drive.

See #anchor for the combination of drive and #root.

Path.windows("C:\\Program Files").drive       # => Path.windows("C:")
Path.windows("\\\\host\\share\\folder").drive # => Path.windows("\\\\host\\share")

NOTE Drives are only available for Windows paths. It can either be a drive letter (C:) or a UNC share (\\host\share).

def drive_and_root : Tuple(String?, String?)Source

Returns a tuple of #drive and #root as strings.

def each_parent(&block : Path -> )Source

Yields each parent of this path beginning with the topmost parent.

Path["foo/bar/file.cr"].each_parent { |parent| puts parent }
# Path["."]
# Path["foo"]
# Path["foo/bar"]

def each_part(& : String -> )Source

Yields each component of this path as a String.

Path.new("foo/bar/").each_part # yields: "foo", "bar"

See #parts for more examples.

def each_part : Iterator(String)Source

Returns an iterator over all components of this path.

parts = Path.new("foo/bar/").each_part
parts.next # => "foo"
parts.next # => "bar"
parts.next # => Iterator::Stop::INSTANCE

See #parts for more examples.

def ends_with_separator?Source

def expand(base : Path | String = Dir.current, *, home : Path | String | Bool = false, expand_base = true) : PathSource

Converts this path to an absolute path. Relative paths are referenced from the current working directory of the process (Dir.current) unless base is given, in which case it will be used as the reference path.

Path["foo"].expand                 # => Path["/current/path/foo"]
Path["~/foo"].expand(home: "/bar") # => Path["/bar/foo"]
Path["baz"].expand("/foo/bar")     # => Path["/foo/bar/baz"]

home specifies the home directory which ~ will expand to. "~" is expanded to the value passed to home. If it is false (default), home is not expanded. If true, it is expanded to the user's home directory (Path.home).

If expand_base is true, base itself will be expanded in Dir.current if it is not an absolute path. This guarantees the method returns an absolute path (assuming that Dir.current is absolute).

def extension : StringSource

Returns the extension of this path, or an empty string if it has no extension.

Path["foo.cr"].extension # => ".cr"
Path["foo"].extension    # => ""

def inspect(io : IO)Source

Inspects this path to io.

def join(part) : PathSource

Appends the given part to this path and returns the joined path.

Path["foo"].join("bar")     # => Path["foo/bar"]
Path["foo/"].join("/bar")   # => Path["foo/bar"]
Path["/foo/"].join("/bar/") # => Path["/foo/bar/"]

def join(parts : Enumerable) : PathSource

Appends the given parts to this path and returns the joined path.

Path["foo"].join("bar", "baz")           # => Path["foo/bar/baz"]
Path["foo/"].join(Path["/bar/", "/baz"]) # => Path["foo/bar/baz"]
Path["/foo/"].join("/bar/", "/baz/")     # => Path["/foo/bar/baz/"]

Non-matching paths are implicitly converted to this path's kind.

Path.posix("foo/bar").join(Path.windows("baz\\baq")) # => Path.posix("foo/bar/baz/baq")
Path.windows("foo\\bar").join(Path.posix("baz/baq")) # => Path.windows("foo\\bar\\baz/baq")

def join(*parts) : PathSource

Appends the given parts to this path and returns the joined path.

Path["foo"].join("bar", "baz")       # => Path["foo/bar/baz"]
Path["foo/"].join("/bar/", "/baz")   # => Path["foo/bar/baz"]
Path["/foo/"].join("/bar/", "/baz/") # => Path["/foo/bar/baz/"]

def native? : BoolSource

Returns true if this is a native path for the target platform.

def normalize(*, remove_final_separator : Bool = true) : PathSource

Removes redundant elements from this path and returns the shortest equivalent path by purely lexical processing. It applies the following rules iteratively until no further processing can be done:

  1. Replace multiple slashes with a single slash.
  2. Eliminate each . path name element (the current directory).
  3. Eliminate each .. path name element (the parent directory) preceded
 by a non-`..` element along with the latter.
  1. Eliminate .. elements that begin a rooted path:
 that is, replace `"/.."` by `"/"` at the beginning of a path.

If the path turns to be empty, the current directory (".") is returned.

The returned path ends in a slash only if it is the root ("/", \, or C:\).

See also Rob Pike: Lexical File Names in Plan 9 or Getting Dot-Dot Right

def parent : PathSource

Returns the parent path of this path.

If the path is empty, it returns ".". If the path is rooted and in the top-most hierarchy, the root path is returned.

Path["foo/bar/file.cr"].parent # => Path["foo/bar"]
Path["foo"].parent             # => Path["."]
Path["/foo"].parent            # => Path["/"]
Path["/"].parent               # => Path["/"]
Path[""].parent                # => Path["."]
Path["foo/bar/."].parent       # => Path["foo/bar"]

def parents : Array(Path)Source

Returns all parent paths of this path beginning with the topmost path.

Path["foo/bar/file.cr"].parents # => [Path["."], Path["foo"], Path["foo/bar"]]

def parts : Array(String)Source

Returns the components of this path as an Array(String).

Path.new("foo/bar/").parts                   # => ["foo", "bar"]
Path.new("/Users/foo/bar.cr").parts          # => ["/", "Users", "foo", "bar.cr"]
Path.windows("C:\\Users\\foo\\bar.cr").parts # => ["C:\\", "Users", "foo", "bar.cr"]
Path.posix("C:\\Users\\foo\\bar.cr").parts   # => ["C:\\Users\\foo\\bar.cr"]

def posix? : BoolSource

Returns true if this is a POSIX path.

def relative_to(base : Path | String) : PathSource

Same as #relative_to but returns self if self can't be expressed as relative path to base.

def relative_to?(base : Path) : Path?Source

Returns a relative path that is lexically equivalent to self when joined to base with an intervening separator.

The returned path is in normalized form.

That means with normalized paths base.join(target.relative_to(base)) is equivalent to target.

Returns nil if self cannot be expressed as relative to base or if knowing the current working directory would be necessary to resolve it. The latter can be avoided by expanding the paths first.

def relative_to?(base : String) : Path?Source

Returns a relative path that is lexically equivalent to self when joined to base with an intervening separator.

The returned path is in normalized form.

That means with normalized paths base.join(target.relative_to(base)) is equivalent to target.

Returns nil if self cannot be expressed as relative to base or if knowing the current working directory would be necessary to resolve it. The latter can be avoided by expanding the paths first.

def root : Path?Source

Returns the root path component of this path or nil if it is not rooted.

See #anchor for the combination of #drive and root.

Path["/etc/"].root                           # => Path["/"]
Path.windows("C:Program Files").root         # => nil
Path.windows("C:\\Program Files").root       # => Path.windows("\\")
Path.windows("\\\\host\\share\\folder").root # => Path.windows("\\")

def sibling(name : Path | String) : Path?Source

Resolves path name in this path's parent directory.

Raises Path::Error if #parent is nil.

def to_json(json : JSON::Builder)Source

def to_json_object_key : StringSource

def to_kind(kind)Source

Converts this path to the given kind.

See #to_windows and #to_posix for details.

def to_native : PathSource

Converts this path to a native path.

def to_posix : PathSource

Converts this path to a POSIX path.

Path.windows("foo/bar\\baz").to_posix # => Path.posix("foo/bar/baz")
Path.posix("foo/bar").to_posix        # => Path.posix("foo/bar")
Path.posix("foo/bar\\baz").to_posix   # => Path.posix("foo/bar\\baz")

It returns a copy of this instance if it already has POSIX kind. Otherwise a new instance is created with Kind::POSIX and all occurrences of backslash file separators (\\) replaced by forward slash (#/).

def to_s(io : IO)Source

Appends the string representation of this path to io.

def to_s : StringSource

Returns the string representation of this path.

def to_uri : URISource

Returns a new URI with file scheme from this path.

A URI can only be created with an absolute path. Raises Path::Error if this path is not absolute.

def to_windows : PathSource

Converts this path to a Windows path.

Path.posix("foo/bar").to_windows   # => Path.windows("foo/bar")
Path.windows("foo/bar").to_windows # => Path.windows("foo/bar")

This creates a new instance with the same string representation but with Kind::WINDOWS.

def to_yaml(yaml : YAML::Nodes::Builder)Source

def windows? : BoolSource

Returns true if this is a Windows path.

© 2012–2020 Manas Technology Solutions.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
https://crystal-lang.org/api/0.35.1/Path.html