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Math

The Math namespace object contains static properties and methods for mathematical constants and functions.

Math works with the Number type. It doesn't work with BigInt.

Description

Unlike most global objects, Math is not a constructor. You cannot use it with the new operator or invoke the Math object as a function. All properties and methods of Math are static.

Note: Many Math functions have a precision that's implementation-dependent.

This means that different browsers can give a different result. Even the same JavaScript engine on a different OS or architecture can give different results!

Static properties

Math.E

Euler's number and the base of natural logarithms; approximately 2.718.

Math.LN10

Natural logarithm of 10; approximately 2.303.

Math.LN2

Natural logarithm of 2; approximately 0.693.

Math.LOG10E

Base-10 logarithm of E; approximately 0.434.

Math.LOG2E

Base-2 logarithm of E; approximately 1.443.

Math.PI

Ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter; approximately 3.14159.

Math.SQRT1_2

Square root of ½; approximately 0.707.

Math.SQRT2

Square root of 2; approximately 1.414.

Math[@@toStringTag]

The initial value of the @@toStringTag property is the string "Math". This property is used in Object.prototype.toString().

Static methods

Math.abs()

Returns the absolute value of x.

Math.acos()

Returns the arccosine of x.

Math.acosh()

Returns the hyperbolic arccosine of x.

Math.asin()

Returns the arcsine of x.

Math.asinh()

Returns the hyperbolic arcsine of a number.

Math.atan()

Returns the arctangent of x.

Math.atan2()

Returns the arctangent of the quotient of its arguments.

Math.atanh()

Returns the hyperbolic arctangent of x.

Math.cbrt()

Returns the cube root of x.

Math.ceil()

Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.

Math.clz32()

Returns the number of leading zero bits of the 32-bit integer x.

Math.cos()

Returns the cosine of x.

Math.cosh()

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x.

Math.exp()

Returns ex, where x is the argument, and e is Euler's number (2.718…, the base of the natural logarithm).

Math.expm1()

Returns subtracting 1 from exp(x).

Math.floor()

Returns the largest integer less than or equal to x.

Math.fround()

Returns the nearest single precision float representation of x.

Math.hypot()

Returns the square root of the sum of squares of its arguments.

Math.imul()

Returns the result of the 32-bit integer multiplication of x and y.

Math.log()

Returns the natural logarithm (㏒e; also, ㏑) of x.

Math.log10()

Returns the base-10 logarithm of x.

Math.log1p()

Returns the natural logarithm (㏒e; also ㏑) of 1 + x for the number x.

Math.log2()

Returns the base-2 logarithm of x.

Math.max()

Returns the largest of zero or more numbers.

Math.min()

Returns the smallest of zero or more numbers.

Math.pow()

Returns base x to the exponent power y (that is, xy).

Math.random()

Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 1.

Math.round()

Returns the value of the number x rounded to the nearest integer.

Math.sign()

Returns the sign of the x, indicating whether x is positive, negative, or zero.

Math.sin()

Returns the sine of x.

Math.sinh()

Returns the hyperbolic sine of x.

Math.sqrt()

Returns the positive square root of x.

Math.tan()

Returns the tangent of x.

Math.tanh()

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x.

Math.trunc()

Returns the integer portion of x, removing any fractional digits.

Examples

Converting between degrees and radians

The trigonometric functions sin(), cos(), tan(), asin(), acos(), atan(), and atan2() expect (and return) angles in radians.

Since humans tend to think in degrees, and some functions (such as CSS transforms) can accept degrees, it is a good idea to keep functions handy that convert between the two:

js
function degToRad(degrees) {
  return degrees * (Math.PI / 180);
}

function radToDeg(rad) {
  return rad / (Math.PI / 180);
}

Calculating the height of an equilateral triangle

If we want to calculate the height of an equilateral triangle, and we know its side length is 100, we can use the formulae length of the adjacent multiplied by the tangent of the angle is equal to the opposite.

An equilateral triangle where a perpendicular of one edge is drawn from the opposite vertex, forming a right triangle with three sides marked as "adjacent", "opposite", and "hypotenuse". The angle between the "adjacent" and "hypotenuse" sides is 60 degrees.

In JavaScript, we can do this with the following:

js
50 * Math.tan(degToRad(60));

We use our degToRad() function to convert 60 degrees to radians, as Math.tan() expects an input value in radians.

Returning a random integer between two bounds

This can be achieved with a combination of Math.random() and Math.floor():

js
function random(min, max) {
  const num = Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min;
  return num;
}

random(1, 10);

Specifications

Browser compatibility

Desktop Mobile Server
Chrome Edge Firefox Opera Safari Chrome Android Firefox for Android Opera Android Safari on IOS Samsung Internet WebView Android Deno Node.js
E 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
LN10 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
LN2 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
LOG10E 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
LOG2E 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
PI 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
SQRT1_2 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
SQRT2 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
Math 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
abs 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
acos 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
acosh 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
asin 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
asinh 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
atan 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
atan2 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
atanh 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
cbrt 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
ceil 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
clz32 38 12 31 25 7 38 31 25 7 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
cos 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
cosh 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
exp 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
expm1 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
floor 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
fround 38 12 26 25 8 38 26 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
hypot 38 12 27 25 8 38 27 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
imul 28 12 20 16 7 28 20 15 7 1.5 4.4 1.0 0.12.0
log 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
log10 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
log1p 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
log2 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
max 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
min 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
pow 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
random 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
round 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
sign 38 12 25 25 9 38 25 25 9 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
sin 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
sinh 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
sqrt 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
tan 1 12 1 3 1 18 4 10.1 1 1.0 4.4 1.0 0.10.0
tanh 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0
trunc 38 12 25 25 8 38 25 25 8 3.0 38 1.0 0.12.0

See also

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Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License v2.5 or later.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Math